Coupling of Human Circadian and Cell Cycles by the Timeless Protein

REFERENCES

• Barnes, J. W., S. A. Tischkau, J. A. Barnes, J. W. Mitchell, P. W. Burgoon, J. R. Hickok, and M. U. Gillette. 2003. Requirement of mammalian Timeless for circadian rhythmicity. Science 302:439–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benna, C., P. Scannapieco, A. Piccin, F. Sandrelli, M. Zordan, E. Rosato, C. P. Kyriacou, G. Valle, and R. Costa. 2000. A second timeless gene in Drosophila shares greater sequence similarity with mammalian tim. Curr. Biol. 10:R512–R513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason, G. A., and R. Jordan. 2000. Circadian variation of cell proliferation and cell cycle protein expression in man: clinical implications. Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 4:193–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canaple, L., T. Kakizawa, and V. Laudet. 2003. The days and nights of cancer cells. Cancer Res. 63:7545–7552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, R. C., A. Chan, M. Jeon, T. F. Wu, D. Pasqualone, A. E. Rougvie, and B. J. Meyer. 2003. Chromosome cohesion is regulated by a clock gene paralogue TIM-1. Nature 423:1002–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortez, D., S. Guntuku, J. Qin, and S. J. Elledge. 2001. ATR and ATRIP: partners in checkpoint signaling. Science 294:1713–1716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekens, M. P., C. Santoriello, D. Vallone, G. Grassi, D. Whitmore, and N. S. Foulkes. 2003. Light regulates the cell cycle in zebrafish. Curr. Biol. 13:2051–2057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, M. D., E. S. Maywood, J. A. O'Brien, D. R. Weaver, S. M. Reppert, and M. H. Hastings. 2000. Analysis of clock proteins in mouse SCN demonstrates phylogenetic divergence of the circadian clockwork and resetting mechanisms. Neuron 25:437–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss, E. J. 2001. Tof1p regulates DNA damage responses during S phase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 157:567–577.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu, L., H. Pelicano, J. Liu, P. Huang, and C. Lee. 2002. The circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo. Cell 111:41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotter, A. L. 2003. Tipin, a novel timeless-interacting protein, is developmentally co-expressed with timeless and disrupts its self-association. J. Mol. Biol. 331:167–176.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gotter, A. L., T. Manganaro, D. R. Weaver, L. F. Kolakowski, Jr., B. Possidente, S. Sriram, D. T. MacLaughlin, and S. M. Reppert. 2000. A time-less function for mouse timeless. Nat. Neurosci. 3:755–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, E. A., Jr., D. Staknis, and C. J. Weitz. 1999. Light-independent role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the mammalian circadian clock. Science 286:768–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Z., A. Kumagai, S. X. Wang, and W. G. Dunphy. 2000. Requirement for Atr in phosphorylation of Chk1 and cell cycle regulation in response to DNA replication blocks and UV-damaged DNA in Xenopus egg extracts. Genes Dev. 14:2745–2756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings, M. H., M. D. Field, E. S. Maywood, D. R. Weaver, and S. M. Reppert. 1999. Differential regulation of mPER1 and mTIM proteins in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei: new insights into a core clock mechanism. J. Neurosci. 19:RC11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heffernan, T. P., D. A. Simpson, A. R. Frank, A. N. Heinloth, R. S. Paules, M. Cordeiro-Stone, and W. K. Kaufmann. 2002. An ATR- and Chk1-dependent S checkpoint inhibits replicon initiation following UVC-induced DNA damage. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:8552–8561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D. P., and J. S. Takahashi. 2000. Molecular genetics of circadian rhythms in mammals. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23:713–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koike, N., A. Hida, R. Numano, M. Hirose, Y. Sakaki, and H. Tei. 1998. Identification of the mammalian homologues of the Drosophila timeless gene, Timeless1. FEBS Lett. 441:427–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krings, G., and D. Bastia. 2004. swi1- and swi3-dependent and independent replication fork arrest at the ribosomal DNA of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:14085–14090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kume, K., M. J. Zylka, S. Sriram, L. P. Shearman, D. R. Weaver, X. Jin, E. S. Maywood, M. H. Hastings, and S. M. Reppert. 1999. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. Cell 98:193–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C., J. P. Etchegaray, F. R. A. Cagampang, A. S. I. Loudon, and S. M. Reppert. 2001. Posttranslational mechanisms regulate the mammalian circadian clock. Cell 107:855–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., R. O. Stuart, J. Qiao, A. Pavlova, K. T. Bush, M. Pohl, H. Sakurai, and S. K. Nigam. 2000. A role for Timeless in epithelial morphogenesis during kidney development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:10038–10043.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Q., S. Guntuku, X. S. Cui, S. Matsuoka, D. Cortez, K. Tamai, G. Luo, S. Carattini-Rivera, F. DeMayo, A. Bradley, L. A. Donehower, and S. J. Elledge. 2000. Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev. 14:1448–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo, T., S. Yamaguchi, S. Mitsui, A. Emi, F. Shimoda, and H. Okamura. 2003. Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo. Science 302:255–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrow, M., and T. Roenneberg. 2004. Cellular clocks: coupled circadian and cell division cycles. Curr. Biol. 14:R25–R26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagoshi, E., C. Saini, C. Bauer, T. Laroche, F. Naef, and U. Schibler. 2004. Circadian gene expression in individual fibroblasts: cell-autonomous and self-sustained oscillators pass time to daughter cells. Cell 119:693–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasmyth, K. 1996. Viewpoint: putting the cell cycle in order. Science 274:1643–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nghiem, P., P. K. Park, Y. Kim, C. Vaziri, and S. L. Schreiber. 2001. ATR inhibition selectively sensitizes G1 checkpoint-deficient cells to lethal premature chromatin condensation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:9092–9097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikaido, S. S., and C. H. Johnson. 2000. Daily and circadian variation in survival from ultraviolet radiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photochem. Photobiol. 71:758–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noguchi, E., C. Noguchi, L. L. Du, and P. Russell. 2003. Swi1 prevents replication fork collapse and controls checkpoint kinase Cds1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:7861–7874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyberg, K. A., R. J. Michelson, C. W. Putnam, and T. A. Weinert. 2002. Toward maintaining the genome: DNA damage and replication checkpoints. Annu. Rev. Genet. 36:617–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi, K., K. Miyazaki, K. Kadota, R. Kikuno, T. Nagase, G. Atsumi, N. Ohkura, T. Azama, M. Mesaki, S. Yukimasa, H. Kobayashi, C. Iitaka, T. Umehara, M. Horikoshi, T. Kudo, Y. Shimizu, M. Yano, M. Monden, K. Machida, J. Matsuda, S. Horie, T. Todo, and N. Ishida. 2003. Genome-wide expression analysis of mouse liver reveals CLOCK-regulated circadian output genes. J. Biol. Chem. 278:41519–41527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H., and R. Sternglanz. 1999. Identification and characterization of the genes for two topoisomerase I-interacting proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 15:35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reppert, S. M., and D. R. Weaver. 2002. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418:935–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancar, A. 2004. Regulation of the mammalian circadian clock by cryptochrome. J. Biol. Chem. 279:34079–34082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancar, A., L. A. Lindsey-Boltz, K. Unsal-Kacmaz, and S. Linn. 2004. Molecular mechanisms of mammalian DNA repair and the DNA damage checkpoints. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73:39–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangoram, A. M., L. Saez, M. P. Antoch, N. Gekakis, D. Staknis, A. Whiteley, E. M. Fruechte, M. H. Vitaterna, K. Shimomura, D. P. King, M. W. Young, C. J. Weitz, and J. S. Takahashi. 1998. Mammalian circadian autoregulatory loop: a timeless ortholog and mPer1 interact and negatively regulate CLOCK-BMAL1-induced transcription. Neuron 21:1101–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unsal-Kacmaz, K., and A. Sancar. 2004. Quaternary structure of ATR and effects of ATRIP and replication protein A on its DNA binding and kinase activities. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24:1292–1300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welsh, D. K., S. H. Yoo, A. C. Liu, J. S. Takahashi, and S. A. Kay. 2004. Bioluminescence imaging of individual fibroblasts reveals persistent, independently phased circadian rhythms of clock gene expression. Curr. Biol. 14:2289–2295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J., C. Li, N. L. Zhu, Z. Borok, and P. Minoo. 2003. Timeless in lung morphogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 228:82–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young, M. W., and S. A. Kay. 2001. Time zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:702–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, B. B., and S. J. Elledge. 2000. The DNA damage response: putting checkpoints in perspective. Nature 408:433–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zylka, M. J., L. P. Shearman, J. D. Levine, X. Jin, D. R. Weaver, and S. M. Reppert. 1998. Molecular analysis of mammalian timeless. Neuron 21:1115–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar