110
Views
405
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Gene Expression

Inhibition of Human Chk1 Causes Increased Initiation of DNA Replication, Phosphorylation of ATR Targets, and DNA Breakage

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 3553-3562 | Received 12 Jul 2004, Accepted 04 Jan 2005, Published online: 27 Mar 2023

REFERENCES

  • Abraham, R. T. 2001. Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases. Genes Dev. 15:2177–2196.
  • Brown, E. J., and D. Baltimore. 2000. ATR disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality. Genes Dev. 14:397–402.
  • Brown, E. J., and D. Baltimore. 2003. Essential and dispensable roles of ATR in cell cycle arrest and genome maintenance. Genes Dev. 17:615–628.
  • de Klein, A., M. Muijtjens, R. van Os, Y. Verhoeven, B. Smit, A. M. Carr, A. R. Lehmann, and J. H. Hoeijmakers. 2000. Targeted disruption of the cell-cycle checkpoint gene ATR leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. Curr. Biol. 10:479–482.
  • Dixon, H., and C. J. Norbury. 2002. Therapeutic exploitation of checkpoint defects in cancer cells lacking p53 function. Cell Cycle 1:362–368.
  • Ekholm-Reed, S., J. Mendez, D. Tedesco, A. Zetterberg, B. Stillman, and S. I. Reed. 2004. Deregulation of cyclin E in human cells interferes with prereplication complex assembly. J. Cell Biol. 165:789–800.
  • Erixon, K., and G. Ahnstrom. 1979. Single-strand breaks in DNA during repair of UV-induced damage in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum cells as determined by alkaline DNA unwinding and hydroxylapatite chromatography: effects of hydroxyurea, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine on the kinetics of repair. Mutat. Res. 59:257–271.
  • Feijoo, C., C. Hall-Jackson, R. Wu, D. Jenkins, J. Leitch, D. M. Gilbert, and C. Smythe. 2001. Activation of mammalian Chk1 during DNA replication arrest: a role for Chk1 in the intra-S phase checkpoint monitoring replication origin firing. J. Cell Biol. 154:913–923.
  • Furnari, B., N. Rhind, and P. Russell. 1997. Cdc25 mitotic inducer targeted by chk1 DNA damage checkpoint kinase. Science 277:1495–1497.
  • Guo, Z., A. Kumagai, S. X. Wang, and W. G. Dunphy. 2000. Requirement for Atr in phosphorylation of Chk1 and cell cycle regulation in response to DNA replication blocks and UV-damaged DNA in Xenopus egg extracts. Genes Dev. 14:2745–2756.
  • Hartwell, L. H., and T. A. Weinert. 1989. Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 246:629–634.
  • Ishimi, Y., Y. Komamura-Kohno, H. J. Kwon, K. Yamada, and M. Nakanishi. 2003. Identification of MCM4 as a target of the DNA replication block checkpoint system. J. Biol. Chem. 278:24644–24650.
  • Kumagai, A., and W. G. Dunphy. 2000. Claspin, a novel protein required for the activation of Chk1 during a DNA replication checkpoint response in Xenopus egg extracts. Mol. Cell 6:839–849.
  • Lam, M. H., Q. Liu, S. J. Elledge, and J. M. Rosen. 2004. Chk1 is haploinsufficient for multiple functions critical to tumor suppression. Cancer Cell 6:45–59.
  • Liu, Q., S. Guntuku, X. S. Cui, S. Matsuoka, D. Cortez, K. Tamai, G. Luo, S. Carattini-Rivera, F. DeMayo, A. Bradley, L. A. Donehower, and S. J. Elledge. 2000. Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev. 14:1448–1459.
  • Lundin, C., K. Erixon, C. Arnaudeau, N. Schultz, D. Jenssen, M. Meuth, and T. Helleday. 2002. Different roles for nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination following replication arrest in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:5869–5878.
  • Mailand, N., J. Falck, C. Lukas, R. G. Syljuasen, M. Welcker, J. Bartek, and J. Lukas. 2000. Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage. Science 288:1425–1429.
  • Mailand, N., A. V. Podtelejnikov, A. Groth, M. Mann, J. Bartek, and J. Lukas. 2002. Regulation of G2/M events by Cdc25A through phosphorylation-dependent modulation of its stability. EMBO J. 21:5911–5920.
  • Marheineke, K., and O. Hyrien. 2004. Control of replication origin density and firing time in Xenopus egg extracts: role of a caffeine-sensitive, ATR-dependent checkpoint. J. Biol. Chem. 279:28071–28081.
  • Masuda, T., S. Mimura, and H. Takisawa. 2003. CDK- and Cdc45-dependent priming of the MCM complex on chromatin during S-phase in Xenopus egg extracts: possible activation of MCM helicase by association with Cdc45. Genes Cells 8:145–161.
  • Mendez, J., and B. Stillman. 2003. Perpetuating the double helix: molecular machines at eukaryotic DNA replication origins. Bioessays 25:1158–1167.
  • Ortega, S., I. Prieto, J. Odajima, A. Martin, P. Dubus, R. Sotillo, J. L. Barbero, M. Malumbres, and M. Barbacid. 2003. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is essential for meiosis but not for mitotic cell division in mice. Nat. Genet. 35:25–31.
  • Rajagopalan, H., P. V. Jallepalli, C. Rago, V. E. Velculescu, K. W. Kinzler, B. Vogelstein, and C. Lengauer. 2004. Inactivation of hCDC4 can cause chromosomal instability. Nature 428:77–81.
  • Sanchez, Y., C. Wong, R. S. Thoma, R. Richman, Z. Wu, H. Piwnica-Worms, and S. J. Elledge. 1997. Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25. Science 277:1497–1501.
  • Sarkaria, J. N., E. C. Busby, R. S. Tibbetts, P. Roos, Y. Taya, L. M. Karnitz, and R. T. Abraham. 1999. Inhibition of ATM and ATR kinase activities by the radiosensitizing agent, caffeine. Cancer Res. 59:4375–4382.
  • Sehested, M., I. Wessel, L. H. Jensen, B. Holm, R. S. Oliveri, S. Kenwrick, A. M. Creighton, J. L. Nitiss, and P. B. Jensen. 1998. Chinese hamster ovary cells resistant to the topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor ICRF-159: a Tyr49Phe mutation confers high-level resistance to bisdioxopiperazines. Cancer Res. 58:1460–1468.
  • Shechter, D., V. Costanzo, and J. Gautier. 2004. ATR and ATM regulate the timing of DNA replication origin firing. Nat. Cell Biol. 6:648–655.
  • Sogo, J. M., M. Lopes, and M. Foiani. 2002. Fork reversal and ssDNA accumulation at stalled replication forks owing to checkpoint defects. Science 297:599–602.
  • Sorensen, C. S., R. G. Syljuasen, J. Falck, T. Schroeder, L. Ronnstrand, K. K. Khanna, B. B. Zhou, J. Bartek, and J. Lukas. 2003. Chk1 regulates the S phase checkpoint by coupling the physiological turnover and ionizing radiation-induced accelerated proteolysis of Cdc25A. Cancer Cell 3:247–258.
  • Sorensen, C. S., R. G. Syljuasen, J. Lukas, and J. Bartek. 2004. ATR, Claspin and the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 complex regulate Chk1 and Cdc25A in the absence of DNA damage. Cell Cycle 3:941–945.
  • Spruck, C. H., K. A. Won, and S. I. Reed. 1999. Deregulated cyclin E induces chromosome instability. Nature 401:297–300.
  • Syljuasen, R. G., C. S. Sorensen, J. Nylandsted, C. Lukas, J. Lukas, and J. Bartek. 2004. Chk1 inhibition by CEP-3891 accelerates mitotic nuclear fragmentation in response to ionizing radiation (IR). Cancer Res. 64:9035–9040.
  • Takai, H., K. Tominaga, N. Motoyama, Y. A. Minamishima, H. Nagahama, T. Tsukiyama, K. Ikeda, K. Nakayama, and M. Nakanishi. 2000. Aberrant cell cycle checkpoint function and early embryonic death in Chk1−/− mice. Genes Dev. 14:1439–1447.
  • Tercero, J. A., K. Labib, and J. F. Diffley. 2000. DNA synthesis at individual replication forks requires the essential initiation factor Cdc45p. EMBO J. 19:2082–2093.
  • Tetsu, O., and F. McCormick. 2003. Proliferation of cancer cells despite CDK2 inhibition. Cancer Cell 3:233–245.
  • Tibbetts, R. S., K. M. Brumbaugh, J. M. Williams, J. N. Sarkaria, W. A. Cliby, S. Y. Shieh, Y. Taya, C. Prives, and R. T. Abraham. 1999. A role for ATR in the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53. Genes Dev. 13:152–157.
  • Walter, J., and J. Newport. 2000. Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication: origin unwinding and sequential chromatin association of Cdc45, RPA, and DNA polymerase alpha. Mol. Cell 5:617–627.
  • Ward, I. M., and J. Chen. 2001. Histone H2AX is phosphorylated in an ATR-dependent manner in response to replicational stress. J. Biol. Chem. 276:47759–47762.
  • Zachos, G., M. D. Rainey, and D. A. Gillespie. 2003. Chk1-deficient tumour cells are viable but exhibit multiple checkpoint and survival defects. EMBO J. 22:713–723.
  • Zhao, H., and H. Piwnica-Worms. 2001. ATR-mediated checkpoint pathways regulate phosphorylation and activation of human Chk1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:4129–4139.
  • Zhao, H., J. L. Watkins, and H. Piwnica-Worms. 2002. Disruption of the checkpoint kinase 1/cell division cycle 25A pathway inhibits ionizing radiation-induced S and G2 checkpoints. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:14795–14800.
  • Zhou, B. B., and J. Bartek. 2004. Targeting the checkpoint kinases: chemosensitization versus chemoprotection. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4:216–225.
  • Zhou, B. B., and S. J. Elledge. 2000. The DNA damage response: putting checkpoints in perspective. Nature 408:433–439.
  • Ziv, Y., A. Bar-Shira, I. Pecker, P. Russell, T. J. Jorgensen, I. Tsarfati, and Y. Shiloh. 1997. Recombinant ATM protein complements the cellular A-T phenotype. Oncogene 15:159–167.
  • Zou, L., and S. J. Elledge. 2003. Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes. Science 300:1542–1548.
  • Zou, L., and B. Stillman. 1998. Formation of a preinitiation complex by S-phase cyclin CDK-dependent loading of Cdc45p onto chromatin. Science 280:593–596.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.