Caspase-Dependent Regulation and Subcellular Redistribution of the Transcriptional Modulator YY1 during Apoptosis

REFERENCES

• Atchison, L., A. Ghias, F. Wilkinson, N. Bonini, and M. L. Atchison. 2003. Transcription factor YY1 functions as a PcG protein in vivo. EMBO J. 22:1347–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austen, M., C. Cerni, M. Henriksson, S. Hilfenhaus, J. M. Luscher-Firzlaff, A. Menkel, C. Seelos, A. Sommer, and B. Luscher. 1997. Regulation of cell growth by the Myc-Max-Mad network: role of Mad proteins and YY1. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 224:123–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austen, M., C. Cerni, J. M. Luscher-Firzlaff, and B. Luscher. 1998. YY1 can inhibit c-Myc function through a mechanism requiring DNA binding of YY1 but neither its transactivation domain nor direct interaction with c-Myc. Oncogene 17:511–520.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austen, M., B. Luscher, and J. M. Luscher-Firzlaff. 1997. Characterization of the transcriptional regulator YY1. The bipartite transactivation domain is independent of interaction with the TATA box-binding protein, transcription factor IIB, TAFII55, or cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CPB)-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1709–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauknecht, T., R. H. See, and Y. Shi. 1996. A novel C/EBP beta-YY1 complex controls the cell-type-specific activity of the human papillomavirus type 18 upstream regulatory region. J. Virol. 70:7695–7705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidwell, J. P., K. Torrungruang, M. Alvarez, S. J. Rhodes, R. Shah, D. R. Jones, K. Charoonpatrapong, J. M. Hock, and A. J. Watt. 2001. Involvement of the nuclear matrix in the control of skeletal genes: the NMP1 (YY1), NMP2 (Cbfa1), and NMP4 (Nmp4/CIZ) transcription factors. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 11:279–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, J. L., D. Mucci, M. Whiteley, M. L. Dirksen, and J. A. Kassis. 1998. The Drosophila Polycomb group gene pleiohomeotic encodes a DNA binding protein with homology to the transcription factor YY1. Mol. Cell 1:1057–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushmeyer, S. M., and M. L. Atchison. 1998. Identification of YY1 sequences necessary for association with the nuclear matrix and for transcriptional repression functions. J. Cell. Biochem. 68:484–499.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cartwright, P., and K. Helin. 2000. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of transcription factors. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57:1193–1206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charvet, C., I. Alberti, F. Luciano, A. Jacquel, A. Bernard, P. Auberger, and M. Deckert. 2003. Proteolytic regulation of Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a by caspase-3-like proteases. Oncogene 22:4557–4568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiang, C. M., and R. G. Roeder. 1995. Cloning of an intrinsic human TFIID subunit that interacts with multiple transcriptional activators. Science 267:531–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkers, P. F., R. H. Medema, J. W. Lammers, L. Koenderman, and P. J. Coffer. 2000. Expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by the forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1. Curr. Biol. 10:1201–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohoe, M. E., X. Zhang, L. McGinnis, J. Biggers, E. Li, and Y. Shi. 1999. Targeted disruption of mouse Yin Yang 1 transcription factor results in periimplantation lethality. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:7237–7244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earnshaw, W. C., L. M. Martins, and S. H. Kaufmann. 1999. Mammalian caspases: structure, activation, substrates, and functions during apoptosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68:383–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliassen, K. A., A. Baldwin, E. M. Sikorski, and M. M. Hurt. 1998. Role for a YY1-binding element in replication-dependent mouse histone gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:7106–7118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ficzycz, A., C. Eskiw, D. Meyer, K. E. Marley, M. Hurt, and N. Ovsenek. 2001. Expression, activity, and subcellular localization of the Yin Yang 1 transcription factor in Xenopus oocytes and embryos. J. Biol. Chem. 276:22819–22825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, U., R. U. Janicke, and K. Schulze-Osthoff. 2003. Many cuts to ruin: a comprehensive update of caspase substrates. Cell Death Differ. 10:76–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, E., C. Marcos-Gutierrez, M. del Mar Lorente, J. C. Moreno, and M. Vidal. 1999. RYBP, a new repressor protein that interacts with components of the mammalian Polycomb complex, and with the transcription factor YY1. EMBO J. 18:3404–3418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griesenbeck, J., M. Ziegler, N. Tomilin, M. Schweiger, and S. L. Oei. 1999. Stimulation of the catalytic activity of poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferase by transcription factor Yin Yang 1. FEBS Lett. 443:20–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronroos, E., A. A. Terentiev, T. Punga, and J. Ericsson. 2004. YY1 inhibits the activation of the p53 tumor suppressor in response to genotoxic stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:12165–12170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, B., P. R. Odgren, A. J. van Wijnen, T. J. Last, J. Nickerson, S. Penman, J. B. Lian, J. L. Stein, and G. S. Stein. 1995. The nuclear matrix protein NMP-1 is the transcription factor YY1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:10526–10530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde-DeRuyscher, R. P., E. Jennings, and T. Shenk. 1995. DNA binding sites for the transcriptional activator/repressor YY1. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:4457–4465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeggo, P. A. 1998. DNA repair: PARP—another guardian angel. Curr. Biol. 8:R49–R51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaludov, N. K., T. L. Bowman, E. M. Sikorski, and M. M. Hurt. 1996. Cell cycle-regulated binding of nuclear proteins to elements within a mouse H3.2 histone gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4465–4470.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karin, M., and A. Lin. 2002. NF-kappaB at the crossroads of life and death. Nat. Immunol. 3:221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, S. H., S. Desnoyers, Y. Ottaviano, N. E. Davidson, and G. G. Poirier. 1993. Specific proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: an early marker of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 53:3976–3985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacsovics, M., F. Martinon, O. Micheau, J. L. Bodmer, K. Hofmann, and J. Tschopp. 2002. Overexpression of Helicard, a CARD-containing helicase cleaved during apoptosis, accelerates DNA degradation. Curr. Biol. 12:838–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krippner-Heidenreich, A., R. V. Talanian, R. Sekul, R. Kraft, H. Thole, H. Ottleben, and B. Luscher. 2001. Targeting of the transcription factor Max during apoptosis: phosphorylation-regulated cleavage by caspase-5 at an unusual glutamic acid residue in position P1. Biochem. J. 358:705–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucharczak, J., M. J. Simmons, Y. Fan, and C. Gelinas. 2003. To be, or not to be: NF-kappaB is the answer—role of Rel/NF-kappaB in the regulation of apoptosis. Oncogene 22:8961–8982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., and D. Cakouros. 2004. Transcriptional control of the core cell-death machinery. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29:193–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazebnik, Y. A., S. H. Kaufmann, S. Desnoyers, G. G. Poirier, and W. C. Earnshaw. 1994. Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE. Nature 371:346–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. S., K. M. Galvin, and Y. Shi. 1993. Evidence for physical interaction between the zinc-finger transcription factors YY1 and Sp1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6145–6149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. S., R. H. See, K. M. Galvin, J. Wang, and Y. Shi. 1995. Functional interactions between YY1 and adenovirus E1A. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:925–931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, L. Y., X. Luo, and X. Wang. 2001. Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria. Nature 412:95–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litchfield, D. W., B. Luscher, F. J. Lozeman, R. N. Eisenman, and E. G. Krebs. 1992. Phosphorylation of casein kinase II by p34cdc2 in vitro and at mitosis. J. Biol. Chem. 267:13943–13951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado, E., R. Shiekhattar, M. Sheldon, H. Cho, R. Drapkin, P. Rickert, E. Lees, C. W. Anderson, S. Linn, and D. Reinberg. 1996. A human RNA polymerase II complex associated with SRB and DNA-repair proteins. Nature 381:86–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil, S., B. Guo, J. L. Stein, J. B. Lian, S. Bushmeyer, E. Seto, M. L. Atchison, S. Penman, A. J. van Wijnen, and G. S. Stein. 1998. Targeting of the YY1 transcription factor to the nucleolus and the nuclear matrix in situ: the C-terminus is a principal determinant for nuclear trafficking. J. Cell. Biochem. 68:500–510.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moroni, M. C., E. S. Hickman, E. L. Denchi, G. Caprara, E. Colli, F. Cecconi, H. Muller, and K. Helin. 2001. Apaf-1 is a transcriptional target for E2F and p53. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:552–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahle, Z., J. Polakoff, R. V. Davuluri, M. E. McCurrach, M. D. Jacobson, M. Narita, M. Q. Zhang, Y. Lazebnik, D. Bar-Sagi, and S. W. Lowe. 2002. Direct coupling of the cell cycle and cell death machinery by E2F. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:859–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, D. W. 1999. Caspase structure, proteolytic substrates, and function during apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ. 6:1028–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oei, S. L., and Y. Shi. 2001. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of transcription factor Yin Yang 1 under conditions of DNA damage. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285:27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oei, S. L., and Y. Shi. 2001. Transcription factor Yin Yang 1 stimulates poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and DNA repair. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284:450–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth, K., A. M. Chinnaiyan, M. Garg, C. J. Froelich, and V. M. Dixit. 1996. The CED-3/ICE-like protease Mch2 is activated during apoptosis and cleaves the death substrate lamin A. J. Biol. Chem. 271:16443–16446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otte, A. P., and T. H. Kwaks. 2003. Gene repression by Polycomb group protein complexes: a distinct complex for every occasion. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 13:448–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palko, L., H. W. Bass, M. J. Beyrouthy, and M. M. Hurt. 2004. The Yin Yang-1 (YY1) protein undergoes a DNA-replication-associated switch in localization from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at the onset of S phase. J. Cell Sci. 117:465–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, K., and M. L. Atchison. 1991. Isolation of a candidate repressor/activator, NF-E1 (YY-1, delta), that binds to the immunoglobulin kappa 3′ enhancer and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu E1 site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:9804–9808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelengaris, S., M. Khan, and G. Evan. 2002. c-MYC: more than just a matter of life and death. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2:764–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petkova, V., M. J. Romanowski, I. Sulijoadikusumo, D. Rohne, P. Kang, T. Shenk, and A. Usheva. 2001. Interaction between YY1 and the retinoblastoma protein. Regulation of cell cycle progression in differentiated cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:7932–7936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puthalakath, H., and A. Strasser. 2002. Keeping killers on a tight leash: transcriptional and post-translational control of the pro-apoptotic activity of BH3-only proteins. Cell Death Differ. 9:505–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezai-Zadeh, N., X. Zhang, F. Namour, G. Fejer, Y. D. Wen, Y. L. Yao, I. Gyory, K. Wright, and E. Seto. 2003. Targeted recruitment of a histone H4-specific methyltransferase by the transcription factor YY1. Genes Dev. 17:1019–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakahira, H., M. Enari, and S. Nagata. 1998. Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis. Nature 391:96–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satijn, D. P., K. M. Hamer, J. den Blaauwen, and A. P. Otte. 2001. The polycomb group protein EED interacts with YY1, and both proteins induce neural tissue in Xenopus embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:1360–1369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seto, E., B. Lewis, and T. Shenk. 1993. Interaction between transcription factors Sp1 and YY1. Nature 365:462–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shall, S., and G. de Murcia. 2000. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1: what have we learned from the deficient mouse model. Mutat. Res. 460:1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y., J. S. Lee, and K. M. Galvin. 1997. Everything you have ever wanted to know about Yin Yang 1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1332:F49–F66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y., E. Seto, L. S. Chang, and T. Shenk. 1991. Transcriptional repression by YY1, a human GLI-Kruppel-related protein, and relief of repression by adenovirus E1A protein. Cell 67:377–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrivastava, A., S. Saleque, G. V. Kalpana, S. Artandi, S. P. Goff, and K. Calame. 1993. Inhibition of transcriptional regulator Yin-Yang-1 by association with c-Myc. Science 262:1889–1892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skurk, C., H. Maatz, H. S. Kim, J. Yang, M. R. Abid, W. C. Aird, and K. Walsh. 2004. The Akt-regulated forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a controls endothelial cell viability through modulation of the caspase-8 inhibitor FLIP. J. Biol. Chem. 279:1513–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. M., and P. A. Koopman. 2004. The ins and outs of transcriptional control: nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in development and disease. Trends Genet. 20:4–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sommer, A., K. Bousset, E. Kremmer, M. Austen, and B. Luscher. 1998. Identification and characterization of specific DNA-binding complexes containing members of the Myc/Max/Mad network of transcriptional regulators. J. Biol. Chem. 273:6632–6642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, A., A. Waha, J. Tonn, N. Sorensen, P. J. Hurlin, R. N. Eisenman, B. Luscher, and T. Pietsch. 1999. Analysis of the Max-binding protein MNT in human medulloblastomas. Int. J. Cancer 82:810–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl, M., P. F. Dijkers, G. J. Kops, S. M. Lens, P. J. Coffer, B. M. Burgering, and R. H. Medema. 2002. The forkhead transcription factor FoxO regulates transcription of p27Kip1 and Bim in response to IL-2. J. Immunol. 168:5024–5031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui, G., B. Affar el, Y. Shi, C. Brignone, N. R. Wall, P. Yin, M. Donohoe, M. P. Luke, D. Calvo, S. R. Grossman, and Y. Shi. 2004. Yin Yang 1 is a negative regulator of p53. Cell 117:859–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, A., E. S. Alnemri, Y. A. Lazebnik, T. Fernandes-Alnemri, G. Litwack, R. D. Moir, R. D. Goldman, G. G. Poirier, S. H. Kaufmann, and W. C. Earnshaw. 1996. Cleavage of lamin A by Mch2 alpha but not CPP32: multiple interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme-related proteases with distinct substrate recognition properties are active in apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8395–8400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talanian, R. V., C. Quinlan, S. Trautz, M. C. Hackett, J. A. Mankovich, D. Banach, T. Ghayur, K. D. Brady, and W. W. Wong. 1997. Substrate specificities of caspase family proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 272:9677–9682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thole, H. H., I. Maschler, and P. W. Jungblut. 1995. Surface mapping of the ligand-filled C-terminal half of the porcine estradiol receptor by restricted proteolysis. Eur. J. Biochem. 231:510–516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, M. J., and E. Seto. 1999. Unlocking the mechanisms of transcription factor YY1: are chromatin modifying enzymes the key. Gene 236:197–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry, N. A., T. A. Rano, E. P. Peterson, D. M. Rasper, T. Timkey, M. Garcia-Calvo, V. M. Houtzager, P. A. Nordstrom, S. Roy, J. P. Vaillancourt, K. T. Chapman, and D. W. Nicholson. 1997. A combinatorial approach defines specificities of members of the caspase family and granzyme B. Functional relationships established for key mediators of apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272:17907–17911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usheva, A., and T. Shenk. 1994. TATA-binding protein-independent initiation: YY1, TFIIB, and RNA polymerase II direct basal transcription on supercoiled template DNA. Cell 76:1115–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Loo, G., X. Saelens, F. Matthijssens, P. Schotte, R. Beyaert, W. Declercq, and P. Vandenabeele. 2002. Caspases are not localized in mitochondria during life or death. Cell Death Differ. 9:1207–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weis, K. 2003. Regulating access to the genome: nucleocytoplasmic transport throughout the cell cycle. Cell 112:441–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, T., M. Grell, K. Siemienski, F. Muhlenbeck, H. Durkop, K. Pfizenmaier, P. Scheurich, and H. Wajant. 1998. TNFR80-dependent enhancement of TNFR60-induced cell death is mediated by TNFR-associated factor 2 and is specific for TNFR60. J. Immunol. 161:3136–3142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakovleva, T., L. Kolesnikova, V. Vukojevic, I. Gileva, K. Tan-No, M. Austen, B. Luscher, T. J. Ekstrom, L. Terenius, and G. Bakalkin. 2004. YY1 binding to a subset of p53 DNA-target sites regulates p53-dependent transcription. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 318:615–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, W. M., C. Inouye, Y. Zeng, D. Bearss, and E. Seto. 1996. Transcriptional repression by YY1 is mediated by interaction with a mammalian homolog of the yeast global regulator RPD3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:12845–12850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhivotovsky, B., A. Samali, A. Gahm, and S. Orrenius. 1999. Caspases: their intracellular localization and translocation during apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 6:644–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar