CCN1/Cyr61 Is Regulated by the Canonical Wnt Signal and Plays an Important Role in Wnt3A-Induced Osteoblast Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

REFERENCES

• Aubin, J. E. 2001. Regulation of osteoblast formation and function. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2:81–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker, J. C., R. S. Beddington, and R. M. Harland. 1999. Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos inhibits bmp4 expression and activates neural development. Genes Dev. 13:3149–3159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergwitz, C., T. Wendlandt, A. Kispert, and G. Brabant. 2001. Wnts differentially regulate colony growth and differentiation of chondrogenic rat calvaria cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1538:129–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blom, I. E., R. Goldschmeding, and A. Leask. 2002. Gene regulation of connective tissue growth factor: new targets for antifibrotic therapy? Matrix Biol. 21:473–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyden, L. M., J. Mao, J. Belsky, L. Mitzner, A. Farhi, M. A. Mitnick, D. Wu, K. Insogna, and R. P. Lifton. 2002. High bone density due to a mutation in LDL-receptor-related protein 5. N. Engl. J. Med. 346:1513–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigstock, D. R. 2003. The CCN family: a new stimulus package. J. Endocrinol. 178:169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigstock, D. R., R. Goldschmeding, K. I. Katsube, S. C. Lam, L. F. Lau, K. Lyons, C. Naus, B. Perbal, B. Riser, M. Takigawa, and H. Yeger. 2003. Proposal for a unified CCN nomenclature. Mol. Pathol. 56:127–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cadigan, K. M., and R. Nusse. 1997. Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development. Genes Dev. 11:3286–3305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capdevila, J., and J. Izpisua Belmonte. 2001. Patterning mechanisms controlling vertebrate limb development. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17:87–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, A. I., and S. P. Bruder. 2001. Mesenchymal stem cells: building blocks for molecular medicine in the 21st century. Trends Mol. Med. 7:259–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, H., W. Jiang, F. M. Phillips, R. C. Haydon, Y. Peng, L. Zhou, H. H. Luu, N. An, B. Breyer, P. Vanichakarn, J. P. Szatkowski, J. Y. Park, and T. C. He. 2003. Osteogenic activity of the fourteen types of human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 85-A:1544–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S. L., J. S. Shao, N. Charlton-Kachigian, A. P. Loewy, and D. A. Towler. 2003. MSX2 promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitors. J. Biol. Chem. 278:45969–45977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian, J. L. 2000. BMP, Wnt and Hedgehog signals: how far can they go? Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12:244–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Date, T., Y. Doiguchi, M. Nobuta, and H. Shindo. 2004. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 induces differentiation of multipotent C3H10T1/2 cells into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in vivo and in vitro. J. Orthop. Sci. 9:503–508.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derfoul, A., A. L. Carlberg, R. S. Tuan, and D. J. Hall. 2004. Differential regulation of osteogenic marker gene expression by Wnt-3a in embryonic mesenchymal multipotential progenitor cells. Differentiation 72:209–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ducy, P., T. Schinke, and G. Karsenty. 2000. The osteoblast: a sophisticated fibroblast under central surveillance. Science 289:1501–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, L., G. Boland, and R. S. Tuan. 2002. Wnt-3A enhances bone morphogenetic protein-2-mediated chondrogenesis of murine C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277:30870–30878.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer, L., G. Boland, and R. S. Tuan. 2002. Wnt signaling during BMP-2 stimulation of mesenchymal chondrogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 84:816–831.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gong, Y., R. B. Slee, N. Fukai, G. Rawadi, S. Roman-Roman, A. M. Reginato, H. Wang, T. Cundy, F. H. Glorieux, D. Lev, M. Zacharin, K. Oexle, J. Marcelino, W. Suwairi, S. Heeger, G. Sabatakos, S. Apte, W. N. Adkins, J. Allgrove, M. Arslan-Kirchner, J. A. Batch, P. Beighton, G. C. Black, R. G. Boles, L. M. Boon, C. Borrone, H. G. Brunner, G. F. Carle, B. Dallapiccola, A. De Paepe, B. Floege, M. L. Halfhide, B. Hall, R. C. Hennekam, T. Hirose, A. Jans, H. Juppner, C. A. Kim, K. Keppler-Noreuil, A. Kohlschuetter, D. LaCombe, M. Lambert, E. Lemyre, T. Letteboer, L. Peltonen, R. S. Ramesar, M. Romanengo, H. Somer, E. Steichen-Gersdorf, B. Steinmann, B. Sullivan, A. Superti-Furga, W. Swoboda, M. J. van den Boogaard, W. Van Hul, M. Vikkula, M. Votruba, B. Zabel, T. Garcia, R. Baron, B. R. Olsen, and M. L. Warman. 2001. LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) affects bone accrual and eye development. Cell 107:513–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, C., and C. J. Tabin. 2000. Dual roles of Wnt signaling during chondrogenesis in the chicken limb. Development 127:3141–3159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haydon, R. C., A. Deyrup, A. Ishikawa, R. Heck, W. Jiang, L. Zhou, T. Feng, D. King, H. Cheng, B. Breyer, T. Peabody, M. A. Simon, A. G. Montag, and T. C. He. 2002. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear accumulation of the beta-catenin protein is a frequent event in human osteosarcoma. Int. J. Cancer 102:338–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, T. C., T. A. Chan, B. Vogelstein, and K. W. Kinzler. 1999. PPARdelta is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cell 99:335–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, T. C., A. B. Sparks, C. Rago, H. Hermeking, L. Zawel, L. T. da Costa, P. J. Morin, B. Vogelstein, and K. W. Kinzler. 1998. Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 281:1509–1512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, T. C., S. Zhou, L. T. da Costa, J. Yu, K. W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1998. A simplified system for generating recombinant adenoviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:2509–2514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppler, S., and R. T. Moon. 1998. BMP-2/-4 and Wnt-8 cooperatively pattern the Xenopus mesoderm. Mech. Dev. 71:119–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kang, Q., M. H. Sun, H. Cheng, Y. Peng, A. G. Montag, A. T. Deyrup, W. Jiang, H. H. Luu, J. P. Szatkowski, P. Vanichakarn, J. Y. Park, J. Luo, Y. Li, R. C. Haydon, and T.-C. He. 2004. Characterization of the distinct orthotopic bone forming activity of 14 BMPs using recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. Gene Ther. 11:1312–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbe, E., A. Letamendia, and L. Attisano. 2000. Association of Smads with lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor mediates cooperative signaling by the transforming growth factor-beta and wnt pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:8358–8363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, S., R. N. van der Geest, N. A. Verhagen, F. A. van Nieuwenhoven, I. E. Blom, J. Aten, R. Goldschmeding, M. R. Daha, and C. van Kooten. 2003. Connective tissue growth factor and igf-I are produced by human renal fibroblasts and cooperate in the induction of collagen production by high glucose. Diabetes 52:2975–2983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Latinkic, B. V., S. Mercurio, B. Bennett, E. M. Hirst, Q. Xu, L. F. Lau, T. J. Mohun, and J. C. Smith. 2003. Xenopus Cyr61 regulates gastrulation movements and modulates Wnt signalling. Development 130:2429–2441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, L. F., and S. C. Lam. 1999. The CCN family of angiogenic regulators: the integrin connection. Exp. Cell Res. 248:44–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., and W. H. Wong. 2001. Model-based analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: expression index computation and outlier detection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, X. 2004. Functions of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cell signaling during development. Development 131:6009–6021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. D., J. P. Carulli, R. G. Del Mastro, J. Dupuis, M. Osborne, C. Folz, S. P. Manning, P. M. Swain, S. C. Zhao, B. Eustace, M. M. Lappe, L. Spitzer, S. Zweier, K. Braunschweiger, Y. Benchekroun, X. Hu, R. Adair, L. Chee, M. G. FitzGerald, C. Tulig, A. Caruso, N. Tzellas, A. Bawa, B. Franklin, S. McGuire, X. Nogues, G. Gong, K. M. Allen, A. Anisowicz, A. J. Morales, P. T. Lomedico, S. M. Recker, P. Van Eerdewegh, R. R. Recker, and M. L. Johnson. 2002. A mutation in the LDL receptor-related protein 5 gene results in the autosomal dominant high-bone-mass trait. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Q., Q. Kang, W. Si, W. Jiang, J. K. Park, Y. Peng, X. Li, H. H. Luu, J. Luo, A. G. Montag, R. C. Haydon, and T. C. He. 2004. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is regulated by Wnt and bone morphogenetic proteins signaling in osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279:55958–55968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luu, H. H., Q. Kang, J. K. Park, W. Si, Q. Luo, W. Jiang, H. Yin, A. G. Montag, M. A. Simon, T. D. Peabody, R. C. Haydon, C. W. Rinker-Schaeffer, and T.-C. He. 2005. An orthotopic model of human osteosarcoma growth and spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 22:319–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luu, H. H., L. Zhou, R. C. Haydon, A. T. Deyrup, A. G. Montag, D. Huo, R. Heck, C. W. Heizmann, T. Peabody, M. A. Simon, and T.-C. He. 2005. Increased expression of S100A6 is associated with decreased metastasis and inhibition of cell migration and anchorage independent growth in human osteosarcoma. Cancer Lett. 229:135–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mo, F. E., A. G. Muntean, C. C. Chen, D. B. Stolz, S. C. Watkins, and L. F. Lau. 2002. CYR61 (CCN1) is essential for placental development and vascular integrity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:8709–8720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussad, E. E., and D. R. Brigstock. 2000. Connective tissue growth factor: what's in a name? Mol. Genet. Metab. 71:276–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, W. J., and R. Nusse. 2004. Convergence of Wnt, beta-catenin, and cadherin pathways. Science 303:1483–1487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishita, M., M. K. Hashimoto, S. Ogata, M. N. Laurent, N. Ueno, H. Shibuya, and K. W. Cho. 2000. Interaction between Wnt and TGF-beta signalling pathways during formation of Spemann's organizer. Nature 403:781–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, T. P., G. P. Yang, L. Sanders, and L. F. Lau. 1990. Expression of cyr61, a growth factor-inducible immediate-early gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3569–3577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, B. R., A. M. Reginato, and W. Wang. 2000. Bone development. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16:191–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Y., Q. Kang, H. Cheng, X. Li, M. H. Sun, W. Jiang, H. H. Luu, J. Y. Park, R. C. Haydon, and T. C. He. 2003. Transcriptional characterization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-mediated osteogenic signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 90:1149–1165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peng, Y., Q. Kang, Q. Luo, W. Jiang, W. Si, B. A. Liu, H. H. Luu, J. K. Park, X. Li, J. Luo, A. G. Montag, R. C. Haydon, and T. C. He. 2004. Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation helix-loop-helix proteins mediate bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279:32941–32949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennica, D., T. A. Swanson, J. W. Welsh, M. A. Roy, D. A. Lawrence, J. Lee, J. Brush, L. A. Taneyhill, B. Deuel, M. Lew, C. Watanabe, R. L. Cohen, M. F. Melhem, G. G. Finley, P. Quirke, A. D. Goddard, K. J. Hillan, A. L. Gurney, D. Botstein, and A. J. Levine. 1998. WISP genes are members of the connective tissue growth factor family that are up-regulated in wnt-1-transformed cells and aberrantly expressed in human colon tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:14717–14722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perbal, B. 2004. CCN proteins: multifunctional signalling regulators. Lancet 363:62–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrimon, N., and M. Bernfield. 2000. Specificities of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in developmental processes. Nature 404:725–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittenger, M. F., A. M. Mackay, S. C. Beck, R. K. Jaiswal, R. Douglas, J. D. Mosca, M. A. Moorman, D. W. Simonetti, S. Craig, and D. R. Marshak. 1999. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284:143–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planque, N., and B. Perbal. 2003. A structural approach to the role of CCN (CYR61/CTGF/NOV) proteins in tumourigenesis. Cancer Cell Int. 3:15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shtutman, M., J. Zhurinsky, I. Simcha, C. Albanese, M. D'Amico, R. Pestell, and A. Ben-Ze'ev. 1999. The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:5522–5527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, Q. Q., T. C. Otto, and M. D. Lane. 2004. Commitment of C3H10T1/2 pluripotent stem cells to the adipocyte lineage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:9607–9611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetsu, O., and F. McCormick. 1999. Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature 398:422–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, E., F. Zhan, R. Walker, E. Rasmussen, Y. Ma, B. Barlogie, and J. D. Shaughnessy, Jr. 2003. The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 349:2483–2494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tusher, V. G., R. Tibshirani, and G. Chu. 2001. Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:5116–5121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urist, M. R., O. Nilsson, J. Rasmussen, W. Hirota, T. Lovell, T. Schmalzreid, and G. A. Finerman. 1987. Bone regeneration under the influence of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) beta tricalcium phosphate (TCP) composite in skull trephine defects in dogs. Clin. Orthop. 214:295–304.
   Google Scholar
• Wodarz, A., and R. Nusse. 1998. Mechanisms of Wnt signaling in development. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 14:59–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozney, J. M., V. Rosen, A. J. Celeste, L. M. Mitsock, M. J. Whitters, R. W. Kriz, R. M. Hewick, and E. A. Wang. 1988. Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. Science 242:1528–1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L., R. B. Corcoran, J. W. Welsh, D. Pennica, and A. J. Levine. 2000. WISP-1 is a wnt-1- and beta-catenin-responsive oncogene. Genes Dev. 14:585–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar