Differential DNA Binding by Monomeric, Homodimeric, and Potentially Heteromeric Forms of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor

References

• Abate, C., L. Patel, F. J. Rauscher III, and T. Curran. 1990. Redox regulation of Fos and Jun DNA-binding activity in vitro. Science 249:1157-1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ausubel, F. M., R. Brent, R. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. A. Smith, J. G. Seidman, and K. Struhl, (ed.). 1987. Current protocols in molecular biology. Greene Publishing-Wiley Inter-science, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Beebe, J. S., D. S. Darling, and W. W. Chin. 1991. 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine receptor auxiliary protein (TRAP) enhances receptor binding by interactions within the thyroid hormone response element. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:85-93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berezra, R., R. L. Davis, D. Lockshon, D. L. Turner, and H. Weintraub. 1990. The protein Id: a negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins. Cell 61:49-59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berrodin, T., and M. Lazar. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Blackwell, T. K., and H. Weintraub. 1990. Differences and similarities in DNA-binding preferences of MyoD and E2A protein complexes revealed by binding site selection. Science 250:1104-1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, G. A., M. K. Dunn, J. W. Harney, T. Gulick, P. R. Larsen, and D. D. Moore. 1989. Thyroid hormone aporeceptor represses T3-inducible promoters and blocks activity of the retinoic acid receptor. New Biol. 1:329-336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brent, G. A., J. W. Harney, Y. Chen, R. L. Warne, D. D. Moore, and P. R. Larsen. 1989. Mutations of the rat growth hormone promoter which increase and decrease response to thyroid hormone define a consensus thyroid hormone response element. Mol. Endocrinol. 3:1996-2004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnside, J., D. S. Darling, and W. W. Chin. 1990. A nuclear factor that enhances binding of thyroid hormone receptors to thyroid hormone response elements. J. Biol. Chem. 265:2500-2504.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiu, R., W. Boyle, J. Meek, T. Smeal, T. Hunter, and M. Karin. 1988. The c-Fos protein interacts with c-Jun/AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 54:541-552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, D., P. Ferreira, R. Gentz, J. B. Franza, and T. Curran. 1989. The product of a fos-related gene, fra-1, binds cooperatively to the AP-1 site with Jun: transcription factor AP-1 is comprised of multiple protein complexes. Genes Dev. 3:173-184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damm, K., C. C. Thompson, and R. M. Evans. 1989. Protein encoded by v-erbA functions as a thyroid-hormone receptor antagonist. Nature (London) 339:593-597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling, D. S., J. S. Beebe, J. Burnside, E. R. Winslow, and W. W. Chin. 1991. 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine receptor auxiliary protein (TRAP) binds DNA and forms heterodimers with the T3 receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:73-84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond, M. I., J. N. Miner, S. K. Yoshinaga, and K. R. Yamamoto. 1990. Transcription factor interactions: selectors of positive of negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science 249:1266-1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignam, J. D., R. M. Lebovitz, and R. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA pol II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475-1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, R. M. 1988. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240:889-895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawell, S. E., J. A. Lees, R. White, and M. G. Parker. 1990. Characterization and colocalization of steroid binding and dimerization activities in the mouse estrogen receptor. Cell 60:953-962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman, B. M., and H. H. Samuels. 1990. Interactions among a subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors: the regulatory zipper model. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1293-1301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forman, B. M., C. Yang, M. Au, J. Casanova, J. Ghysdael, and H. H. Samuels. 1989. A domain containing a leucine-zipper-like motif mediates novel in vivo interactions between the thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors. Mol. Endocrinol. 3:1610-1626.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaub, M., M. Bellard, I. Scheuer, P. Chambon, and P. Sassone-Corsi. 1990. Activation of the ovalbumin gene by the estrogen receptor involves the Fos-Jun complex. Cell 63:1267-1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, C. K., O. V. Devary, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1990. Multiple cell type-specific proteins differentially regulate target sequence recognition by the a retinoic acid receptor. Cell 63:729-738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, C. K., J. M. Holloway, O. V. Devary, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1988. The thyroid hormone receptor binds with opposite transcriptional effects to a common sequence motif in thyroid hormone and estrogen response elements. Cell 54:313-323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, C. K., S. M. Lipkin, O. V. Devary, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1989. Positive and negative regulation of gene transcription by a retinoic acid-thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer. Cell 59:697-708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graupner, G., K. N. Wills, M. Tzukerman, X.-K. Zhang, and M. Pfahl. 1989. Dual regulatory role for thyroid-hormone receptors allows control of retinoic-acid receptor activity. Nature (London) 340:653-656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, S., and P. Chambon. 1988. Nuclear receptors enhance our understanding of transcription regulation. Trends Genet. 4:309-315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halazonetis, T., K. Georgopoulos, M. Greenberg, and P. Leder. 1988. c-Jun dimerizes with itself and with c-Fos, forming complexes of different DNA binding affinities. Cell 55:917-924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, H., and M. Lazar. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Hodin, R. A., M. A. Lazar, B. I. Wintman, D. S. Darling, R. J. Koenig, P. R. Larsen, D. D. Moore, and W. W. Chin. 1989. Identification of a thyroid hormone receptor that is pituitary-specific. Science 244:76-79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holloway, J. M., C. K. Glass, S. Adler, C. A. Nelson, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1990. The C′-terminal interaction domain of the thyroid hormone receptor confers the ability of the DNA site to dictate positive or negative transcriptional activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8160-8164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hudson, L. G., J. B. Santon, C. K. Glass, and G. N. Gill. 1990. Ligand-activated thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors inhibit growth factor receptor promoter expression. Cell 62:1165-1175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonat, G., H. J. Rahmsdorf, K. Park, A. C. B. Cato, S. Gebel, H. Ponta, and P. Herrlich. 1990. Antitumor promotion and antiinflammation: down-modulation of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone. Cell 62:1189-1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, R. J., R. L. Warne, G. A. Brent, J. W. Harney, P. R. Larsen, and D. D. Moore. 1988. Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a biologically active thyroid hormone receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5031-5035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar, V., and P. Chambon. 1988. The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer. Cell 55:145-156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladias, J. A. A., and S. K. Karathanasis. 1991. Regulation of the apolipoprotein AI gene by ARP-1, a novel member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Science 251:561-565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar, M. A., and T. J. Berrodin. 1990. Thyroid hormone receptors form distinct nuclear proteins-dependent and independent complexes with a thyroid hormone response element. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1627-1635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazar, M. A., and W. W. Chin. 1990. Nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. J. Clin. Invest. 86:1777-1782.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazar, M. A., R. A. Hodin, D. S. Darling, and W. W. Chin. 1988. Identification of a rat c-erbAα-related protein which binds deoxyribonucleic acid but does not bind thyroid hormone. Mol. Endocrinol. 2:893-901.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lees, J. A., S. E. Fawell, R. White, and M. G. Parker. 1990. A 22-amino-acid peptide restores DNA-binding activity to dimerization-defective mutants of the estrogen receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5529-5531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewin, B. 1990. Commitment and activation at Pol II promoters: a tail of protein-protein interactions. Cell 61:1161-1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, J., K. Ozono, T. Sone, D. P. McDonnell, and J. W. Pike. 1990. Vitamin D receptor interaction with specific DNA requires a nuclear protein and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9751-9755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, R., and P. Chanbon. 1990. A single-stranded DNA-binding protein promotes the binding of the purified oestrogen receptor to its responsive element. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:5713-5716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray, M. B., and H. C. Towle. 1989. Identification of nuclear factors that enhance binding of the thyroid hormone receptor to a thyroid hormone response element. Mol. Endocrinol. 3:1434-1442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray, M. B., N. D. Zilz, N. L. McCreary, M. J. MacDonald, and H. C. Towle. 1988. Isolation and characterization of rat cDNA clones from two distinct thyroid hormone receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 263:12270-12277.
   Google Scholar
• Nakabeppu, Y., K. Ryder, and D. Nathans. 1988. DNA binding activities of three murine Jun proteins: stimulation by Fos. Cell 55:907-915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, A. L., E. D. Rosen, D. S. Darling, and R. J. Koenig. 1991. Thyroid hormone receptor mutations that interfere with transcriptional activation also interfere with receptor interaction with a nuclear protein. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:94-99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oppenheimer, J. H., and H. H. Samuels (ed.). 1983. Molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ptashne, M. 1988. How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work. Nature (London) 335:683-689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauscher, F., P. Voulalas, B. Franza, and T. Curran. 1988. Fos and Jun bind cooperatively to the AP-1 site: reconstitution in vitro. Genes Dev. 2:1687-1699.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samuels, H. H., B. M. Forman, Z. D. Horowitz, and Z.-S. Ye. 1988. Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone. J. Clin. Invest. 81:957-967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sap, J., A. Munoz, K. Damm, Y. Goldberg, J. Ghysdael, A. Lentz, H. Beug, and B. Vennstrom. 1986. The c-erbA protein is a high affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature (London) 324:635-640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassone-Corsi, P., W. W. Lamph, M. Kamps, and I. M. Verma. 1988. fos-associated cellular p39 is related to nuclear transcription factor AP-1. Cell 54:553-560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schule, R., P. Rangarajan, S. Kliewer, L. J. Ransone, J. Bolado, N. Yang, I. M. Verma, and R. M. Evans. 1990. Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 62:1217-1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studier, F. W., A. H. Rosenberg, J. J. Dunn, and J. W. Dusendorf. 1990. Use of T7 RNA polymerase to direct expression of cloned genes. Methods Enzymol. 185:60-89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surks, M. I., D. Koerner, W. Dillman, and J. H. Oppenheimer. 1973. Limited capacity binding sites for L-triiodothyronine in rat liver nuclei. J. Biol. Chem. 248:7066-7072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L.-H., S. Y. Tsai, R. G. Cook, W. G. Beattie, M. Tsai, and B. W. O’Malley. 1989. COUP transcription factor is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Nature (London) 340:163-166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger, C., C. C. Thompson, E. S. Ong, R. Lebo, D. J. Gruol, and R. M. Evans. 1986. The c-erbA gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature (London) 324:641-646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang-Yen, H., J.-C. Chambard, Y.-L. Sun, T. Smeal, T. J. Schmidt, J. Drouin, and M. Karin. 1990. Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell 62:1205-1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerial, M., L. Toschi, R. Ryseck, M. Scheurmann, R. Muller, and R. Bravo. 1989. The product of a novel growth factor activated gene, fos B, interacts with Jun proteins enhancing their DNA binding activity. EMBO J. 8:805-813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar