REFERENCES
- Baker, M. D. 1989. High-frequency homologous recombination between duplicate chromosomal immunoglobulin Mu heavychain constant regions. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:5500-5507.
- Boggs, S. S., R. G. Gregg, N. Borenstein, and O. Smithies. 1986. Efficient transformation and frequent single-site, single-copy insertion of DNA can be obtained in mouse erythroleukemia cells transformed by electroporation. Exp. Hematol. 14:988-994.
- Caskey, C. T., and G. D. Kruh. 1979. The HPRT locus. Cell 16:1-9.
- DeChiara, T. M., A. Efstratiadis, and E. J. Robertson. 1990. A growth-deficiency phenotype in heterozygous mice carrying an insulin-like growth factor II gene disrupted by targeting. Nature (London) 345:78-80.
- Doetschman, T. C., H. Eistetter, M. Katz, W. Schmidt, and R. Kemler. 1985. The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 87:27-45.
- Doetschman, T., R. G. Gregg, N. Maeda, M. L. Hooper, D. W. Melton, S. Thompson, and O. Smithies. 1987. Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature (London) 330:576-578.
- Doetschman, T., N. Maeda, and O. Smithies. 1988. Targeted mutation of the HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8583-8587.
- Hooper, M., K. Hardy, A. Handyside, S. Hunter, and M. Monk. 1987. HPRT-deficient (Lesch-Nyhan) mouse embryos derived from germline colonization by cultured cells. Nature (London) 326:292-295.
- Hooper, M. L., and J. H. Subak-Sharpe. 1981. Metabolic cooperation between cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 69:45-104.
- Jasin, M., and P. Berg. 1988. Homologous integration in mammalian cells without target gene selection. Genes Dev. 2:1353-1363.
- Joyner, A. L., W. C. Skames, and J. Rossant. 1989. Production of a mutation in mouse En-2 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Nature (London) 338:153-156.
- Liskay, R. M., A. Letsou, and J. L. Stachelek. 1987. Homology requirements for efficient gene conversion between duplicated chromosomal sequences in mammalian cells. Genetics 115:161-167.
- Liskay, R. M., and J. L. Stachelek. 1983. Evidence for intrachromosomal gene conversion in cultured mouse cells. Cell 35:157-165.
- Liskay, R. M., J. L. Stachelek, and A. Letsou. 1984. Homologous recombination between repeated chromosomal sequences in mouse cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 49:183-189.
- Mansour, S. L., K. R. Thomas, and M. R. Capecchi. 1988. Disruption of the proto-oncogene int-2 in mouse embryo-derived stem cells: a general strategy for targeting mutations to non-selectable genes. Nature (London) 336:348-352.
- Reid, L. H., R. G. Gregg, O. Smithies, and B. H. Kohler. 1990. Regulatory elements in the introns of the HPRT gene are necessary for its expression in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4299-4303.
- Scherer, S., and R. W. Davis. 1979. Replacement of chromosome segments with altered DNA sequences constructed in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:4951-4955.
- Smith, A. G., J. K. Heath, D. D. Donaldson, G. G. Wong, J. Moreau, M. Stahl, and D. Rogers. 1988. Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature (London) 336:688-690.
- Smithies, O., G. E. Connell, and G. H. Dixon. 1962. Chromosomal rearrangements and the evolution of haptoglobin genes. Nature (London) 196:232-236.
- Smithies, O., R. G. Gregg, S. S. Boggs, M. A. Koralewski, and R. S. Kucherlapati. 1985. Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomal B-globin locus by homologous recombination. Nature (London) 317:230-234.
- Steeg, C. M., J. Ellis, and A. Bernstein. 1990. Introduction of specific point mutations into RNA polymerase II by gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells: evidence for a DNA mismatch repair mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4680-4684.
- Sturtevant, A. H. 1925. The effects of unequal crossing over at the Bar locus in Drosophila. Genetics 10:117-147.
- Thomas, K. R., and M. R. Capecchi. 1987. Site-directed mutagenesis by gene-targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell 51:503-512.
- Thomas, K. R., K. R. Folger, and M. R. Capecchi. 1986. High frequency targeting of genes to specific sites in the mammalian genome. Cell 44:419-428.
- Thompson, S., A. R. Clark, A. M. Pow, M. L. Hooper, and D. W. Melton. 1989. Germline transmission and expression of a corrected HPRT gene produced by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Cell 56:313-321.
- Valancius, V., and O. Smithies. Unpublished data.
- Williams, R. L., D. J. Hilton, S. Pease, T. A. Willson, C. L. Stewart, D. P. Gearing, E. F. Wagner, D. Metcalf, N. A. Nicola, and N. M. Gough. 1988. Myeloid leukemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells. Nature (London) 336:684-687.
- Zimmer, A., and P. Gruss. 1989. Production of chimaeric mice containing embryonic stem (ES) cells carrying a homoeobox Hox 1.1 allele mutated by homologous recombination. Nature (London) 338:150-153.