The Functional Domains of the Murine Thy-1 Gene Promoter

REFERENCES

• Aronow, B., D. Lattier, R. Silbiger, N. Dusing, J. Hutton, G. Jones, J. Stock, J. McNeish, S. Potter, D. Witte, and D. Wiginton. 1989. Evidence for a complex regulatory array in the first intron of the human adenosine deaminase gene. Genes Dev. 3:1384–1400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baniahmad, A., M. Muller, C. Steiner, and R. Renkawitz. 1987. Activity of two different silencer elements of the chicken lysozyme gene can be compensated by enhancer elements. EMBO J. 6:2297–2303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basler, K., P. Siegrist, and E. Hafen. 1989. The spatial and temporal expression pattern of sevenless is exclusively controlled by gene-internal elements. EMBO J. 8:2381–2386.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bird, A. 1986. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature (London) 321:209–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, M. R., J. T. Kadonaga, S. P. Bell, and R. Tjian. 1986. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoterspecific transcription factor, Spl. Science 234:47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, S. X., P. D. Gutman, H. P. G. Dave, and A. N. Schechter. 1989. Identification of a transcriptional silencer in the 5′-flanking region of the human e-globin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5306–5309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., F. Botteri, H. van der Putten, C. R. Landel, and G. Evans. 1987. A lymphoproliferative abnormality associated with inappropriate expression of the Thy-1 antigen in transgenic mice. Cell 51:7–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chodosh, C., A. Baldwin, R. Carthew, and P. Sharp. 1988. Human CCAAT-binding proteins have heterologous subunits. Cell 53:11–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clevers, H., N. Lonberg, S. Dunlap, E. Lacy, and C. Terhorst. 1989. An enhancer located in a CpG-island 3′ to the TCR/CD3-ϵ gene confers T lymphocyte-specificity to its promoter. EMBO J. 8:2527–2535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Courey, A. J., D. A. Holtzman, S. P. Jackson, and R. Tjian. 1989. Synergistic activation by the glutamine-rich domains of human transcription factor Sp1. Cell 59:827–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courey, A. J., and R. Tjian. 1988. Analysis of Sp1 in vivo reveals multiple transcriptional domains, including a novel glutamine-rich activation motif. Cell 55:887–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailey, L., S. M. Hanly, R. G. Roeder, and N. Heintz. 1986. Distinct transcription factors bind specifically to two regions of the human histone H4 promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7241–7245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailey, L., S. B. Roberts, and N. Heintz. 1988. Purification of the human histone H4 gene-specific transcription factors H4TF-1 and H4TF-2. Genes Dev. 2:1700–1712.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dawson, P. A., S. L. Hofmann, D. R. van der Westhuyzen, T. C. Sudhof, M. S. Brown, and J. L. Goldstein. 1988. Sterol-dependent repression of low density lipoprotein receptor promoter mediated by 16-base pair sequence adjacent to binding site for transcription factor Sp1. J. Biol. Chem. 263:3372–3379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer, E., M. Antoniou, V. Mignotte, L. Wall, and F. Grosveld. 1988. The human β-globin promoter; nuclear protein factors and erythroid specific induction of transcription. EMBO J. 7:4203–4212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dignam, J., R. Lebowitz, and R. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorn, A., J. Bollekens, A. Staub, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis. 1987. A multiplicity of CAAT-box binding proteins. Cell 50:863–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dynan, S. W. 1986. Promoters of housekeeping genes. Trends Genet. 6:196–197.
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner-Garden, M., and M. Frommer. 1987. CpG islands in vertebrate genomes. J. Mol. Biol. 196:261–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgopoulos, K., P. van den Eisen, E. Bier, A. Maxam, and C. Terhorst. 1988. A T-cell specific enhancer is located in a DNase I hypersensitive area at the 3′ of the CD3-δ gene. EMBO J. 7:2401–2407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gidoni, D., W. S. Dynan, and R. Tjian. 1984. Multiple specific contacts between a mammalian transcription factor and its cognate promoters. Nature (London) 312:409–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidoni, D., J. T. Kadonaga, H. Barrera-Saldana, K. Takahashi, P. Chambon, and R. Tjian. 1985. Bidirectional SV40 transcription mediated by tandem Sp1 binding interactions. Science 230:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giguere, V., K.-I. Isobe, and F. G. Grosveld. 1985. Structure of the murine Thy-1 gene. EMBO J. 4:2017–2024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorski, K., M. Carneiro, and U. Schibler. 1986. Tissue-specific in vitro transcription from the mouse albumin promoter. Cell 47:767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves, B. J., P. F. Johnson, and S. L. McKnight. 1986. Homologous recognition of a promoter domain common to the MSV LTR and the HSV tk gene. Cell 44:565–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M. R., R. Treisman, and T. Maniatis. 1983. Transcriptional activation of cloned human β-globin genes by viral immediate-early gene products. Cell. 35:137–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafson, T. A., and L. Kedes. 1989. Identification of multiple proteins that interact with functional regions of the human cardiac α-actin promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3269–3283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrington, M. A., P. A. Jones, M. Imagawa, and M. Karin. 1988. Cytosine methylation does not affect binding of transcription factor Sp1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2066–2070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holler, M., G. Westin, J. Jiricny, and W. Schaffner. 1988. Spl transcription factor binds DNA and activates transcription even when the binding site is CpG methylated. Genes Dev. 2:1127–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H.-C., R. Sundseth, and U. Hansen. 1990. Transcription factor LSF binds two variant bipartite sites within the SV40 late promoter. Genes Dev. 4:287–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman, R., and V. Stallings. 1978. Evidence for a gene extinguishing cell-surface expression of the Thy-1 antigen. Immunogenetics 6:447–458.
   Google Scholar
• Imagawa, M., R. Chiu, and M. Karin. 1987. Transcription factor AP-2 mediates induction by two different signal-transduction pathways: protein kinase C and cAMP. Cell 51:251–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingraham, H. A., and G. A. Evans. 1986. Characterization of two atypical promoters and alternate mRNA processing in the mouse Thy-1.2 glycoprotein gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2923–2931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson, S. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. P., and R. Tjian. 1988. Unexpected O-glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors: implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. Cell 55:125–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. F., W. H. Landschulz, B. J. Graves, and S. L. McKnight. 1987. Identification of a rat liver nuclear protein that binds to the enhancer core element of three animal viruses. Genes Dev. 1:133–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. F., and S. L. McKnight. 1989. Eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:799–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, K. A., J. T. Kadonaga, P. J. Rosenfeld, T. J. Kelly, and R. Tjian. 1987. A cellular DNA-binding protein that activates eukaryotic transcription and DNA replication. Cell 48:79–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, K. A., K. R. Yamamoto, and R. Tjian. 1985. Two distinct transcription factors bind to the HSV thymidine kinase promoter in vitro. Cell 42:559–572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kadonaga, J. T., K. R. Carner, F. R. Masiarz, and R. Tjian. 1987. Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain. Cell 51:10791090.
   Google Scholar
• Kadonaga, J. T., A. J. Courey, J. Ladika, and R. Tjian. 1988. Distinct regions of Sp1 modulate DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Science 242:1566–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadonaga, J. T., K. A. Jones, and R. Tjian. 1986. Promoterspecific activation of RNA polymeraseII transcription by Sp1. Trends Biochem. 11:20–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama, R., G. T. Merlino, and I. Pastan. 1988. A transcription factor active on the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5016–5020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kageyama, R., and I. Pastan. 1989. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human DNA binding factor that represses transcription. Cell 59:815–825.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kollias, G., E. Spanopoulou, F. Grosveld, M. Ritter, J. Beech, and R. Morris. 1987. Differential regulation of a Thy-1 gene in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:1492–1496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolsto, A.-B., G. Kollias, V. Giguere, K.-I. Isobe, H. Prydz, and F. Grosveld. 1986. The maintenance of methylation-free islands in transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:9667–9778.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letovsky, J., and W. S. Dynan. 1989. Measurement of the binding of transcription factor Sp1 to a single GC box recognition sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:2639–2653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, M. G., and P. W. Kincade. 1988. Phosphatidyl inositol in the membrane anchoring domain of the Thy-1 glycoprotein. Nature (London) 318:62–65.
   Google Scholar
• Maxam, A., and W. Gilbert. 1980. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavage. Methods Enzymol. 65:499–560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKnight, S. L., and R. Kingsbury. 1982. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-encoding gene. Science 217:316–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKnight, S. L., R. C. Kingsbury, A. Spence, and M. Smith. 1984. The distal transcription signals of the herpes virus tk gene share a common hexanucleotide control sequence. Cell. 37:253–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKnight, S. L., and R. Tjian. 1986. Transcriptional selectivity of viral genes in mammalian cells. Cell 46:795–805.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mermod, N., T. J. Williams, and R. Tjian. 1989. Enhancer binding factors AP-4 and AP-1 act in concert to activate SV40 late transcripts in vitro. Nature (London) 332:557–560.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, P. J., C. Wang, and R. Tjian. 1987. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T-antigen. Cell 50:847–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, R. J. 1985. Thy-1 in developing nervous tissue. Dev. Neurosci. 7:133–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, R. J., and F. Grosveld. 1989. Expression of Thy-1 in the nervous system of the rat and mouse, p. 121-148. In A. E. Reif and M. Schlesinger (ed.), Cell surface antigen Thy-1. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ptashne, M. 1986. Gene regulation by proteins acting nearby and at a distance. Nature (London) 322:697–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif, A., and J. Allen. 1964. The AKR thymic antigen and its distribution in leukemias and nervous tissues. J. Exp. Med. 120:413—433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, M., and P. F. Bartlett. 1989. Evidence from neuronal heterokaryons for a trans-acting factor suppressing Thy-1 expression during neuronal development. J. Neurol. Sci. 23:406–415.
   Google Scholar
• Santoro, C., N. Mermod, P. C. Andrews, and R. Tjian. 1988. A family of CAAT-box-binding proteins active in transcription and DNA replication: cloning and expression of multiple cDNAs. Nature (London) 334:218–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sehgal, A., N. Patil, and M. Chao. 1988. A constitutive promoter directs expression of the nerve growth factor receptor gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:352–362.
   Google Scholar
• Sneller, M., and K. Gunter. 1987. DNA methylation alters chromatin structure and regulates THY-1 expression in EL-4 T-cells. J. Immunol. 138:3505–3512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanopoulou, E. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Spanopoulou, E., et al. Submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Spanopoulou, E., V. Giguere, and F. G. Grosveld. 1988. Transcriptional unit of the murine Thy-1 gene: different distribution of transcription initiation sites in brain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3847–3856.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, M., V. Grossniklaus, W. Herr, and N. Hernandez. 1988. Activation of the U2 sn RNA promoter by the octamer motif defines a new class of RNA polymerase II enhancer elements. Genes Dev. 2:1764–1778.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tazi, J., and A. Bird. 1990. Alternative chromatin structure at CpG islands. Cell 60:909–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thali, M., M. Muller, M. DeLorenzi, P. Matthias, and M. Bienz. 1988. Drosophila homeotic genes encode transcriptional activators similar to mammalian OTF-2. Nature (London) 336:598601.
   Google Scholar
• Tse, A. G. C., A. N. Barclay, A. Watts, and A. F. Williams. 1985. A glycophospholipid tail at the carboxyl terminus of the Thy-1 glycoprotein of neurons and thymocytes. Science 330:1003–1009.
   Google Scholar
• Vidal, M., R. Morris, F. G. Grosveld, and E. Spanopoulou. 1990. Tissue specific control elements of the Thy-1 gene. EMBO J. 9:833–840.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westin, G., and W. Schaffner. 1988. A zinc-responsive factor interacts with a metal-regulated enhancer element (MRE) of the mouse metallothionein-I gene. EMBO J. 7:3763–3770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitelaw, E., P. Hogben, O. Hanscombe, and N. J. Proudfoot. 1989. Transcriptional promiscuity of the human α-globin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:241–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams, A., and J. Gagnon. 1982. Neuronal cell Thy-1 glycoprotein: homology with immunoglobulin. Science 216:696–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J.-H., I. Davidson, M. Macchi, R. Rosales, M. Vigneron, A. Staub, and P. Chambon. 1987. In vitro binding of several cell-specific and ubiquitous nuclear proteins to the GT-I motif of the SV-40 enhancer. Genes Dev. 1:794–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar