Differential Introduction of DNA Damage and Repair in Mammalian Genes Transcribed by RNA Polymerases I and II

REFERENCES

• Bishop, J. M. 1987. The molecular genetics of cancer. Science 235:305–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohr, V. A., D. H. Phillips, and P. C. Hanawalt. 1987. Heterologous DNA damage and repair in the mammalian genome. Cancer Res. 47:6426–6436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohr, V. B., C. A. Smith, D. S. Okumoto, and P. C. Hanawalt. 1985. DNA repair in an active gene: removal of pyrimidine dimers from the DHFR gene of CHO cells is much more efficient than in the genome overall. Cell 40:359–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimino, G. D., H. B. Gamper, S. T. Isaacs, and J. E. Hearst. 1985. Psoralens as photoactive probes of nucleic and acid structure and function: organic chemistry, photochemistry, and biochemistry. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54:1151–1194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleaver, J. E. 1969. Xeroderma pigmentosum: a human disease in which an initial stage of DNA repair is defective. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 63:428–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, S. M., and M. W. Lieberman. 1984. Ultraviolet radiation induced damage and repair in human ribosomal DNA sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 259:12456–12462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conconi, A., R. M. Widmer, T. Koller, and J. M. Sogo. 1989. Two different chromatin structures coexist in ribosomal RNA genes throughout the cell cycle. Cell 57:753–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croce, C. M. 1976. Loss of mouse chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids between HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:3248–3252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis, A. H., T. L. Reudelhuber, and W. T. Garrard. 1983. Variegated chromatin structures of mouse ribosomal RNA genes. J. Mol. Biol. 167:133–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Futcher, B. 1988. Supercoiling and transcription, or vice-versa? Trends Genet. 4:271–272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzales, I. L., J. L. Gorski, T. J. Campen, D. J. Dorney, J. M. Erickson, J. E. Sylvester, and R. D. Schmickel. 1985. Variation among human 28s ribosomal RNA genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7666–7670.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen, M. F., and W. K. Cavenee. 1988. Retinoblastoma and the progression of tumor genetics. Trends Genet. 4:125–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irvin, T. R., and G. N. Wogan. 1985. Quantitative and qualitative characterization of aflatoxin Bl adducts formed in vivo within the ribosomal RNA genes of rat liver DNA. Cancer Res. 45:3497–3502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, G. 1987. At the heart of the nucleolus. Nature (London) 329:489–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer, K. H., M. M. Lee, and J. Scotto. 1984. DNA repair protects against cutaneous and internal neoplasia: evidence from xeroderma pigmentosum. Carcinogenesis 5:511–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leys, E. J., G. F: Crouse, and R. E. Kellems. 1984. Dihydrofolate reductase gene expression in cultured mouse cells is regulated by transcript stabilization in the nucleus. J. Cell Biol. 99:180–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lugo, T. G., B. Handelin, A. M. Killary, D. E. Housman, and R. E. K. Fournier. 1987. Isolation of microcell hybrid clones containing retroviral vector insertions into specific human chromosomes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2814–2820.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maher, V. M., D. J. Dorney, B. Konze-Thomas, and J. J. McCormick. 1979. DNA excision-repair processes in human cells can eliminate the cytotoxic and mutagenic consequences of ultraviolet irradiation. Mutat. Res. 62:311–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1980. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Mellon, L, G. Spivak, and P. C. Hanawalt. 1987. Selective removal of transcription-blocking DNA damage from the transcribed strand of the mammalian DHFR gene. Cell 51:241–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milbrandt, J. D., J. C. Azizkhan, K. S. Greisen, and J. L. Hamlin. 1983. Organization of a Chinese hamster ovary dihydrofolate reductase gene identified by phenotypic rescue. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:1266–1273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross, P. M., and H.-S. Yu. 1988. Interstrand crosslinks due to 4,5,8′-trimethylpsoralen and near ultraviolet light in specific sequences of animal DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 201:339–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauerbier, W., and K. Hercules. 1978. Gene and transcription unit mapping by radiation effects. Annu. Rev. Genet. 12:329-363.
   Google Scholar
• Sentenac, A. 1985. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Crit. Rev. Biochem. 18:31–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada, T., and A. W. Nienhuis. 1985. Only the promoter region of constitutively expressed normal and amplified human dihydrofolate reductase gene is DNase I hypersensitive and undermethylated. J. Biol. Chem. 260:2468–2474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, C. A., and I. Mellon. 1989. Clues to the organization of DNA repair systems gained from studies of intragenic repair heterogeneity. Adv. Mutagen. 1:2–30.
   Google Scholar
• Sollner-Webb, B., and J. Tower. 1986. Transcription of cloned eukaryotic ribosomal RNA genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55:801–830.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanbury, J. B., J. B. Wyngaarden, D. S. Frederickson, J. L. Goldstein, and M. S. Brown (ed.). 1983. The metabolic basis of inherited disease, 5th ed., p. 3-59. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sylvester, J. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Thacker, J. 1985. The molecular nature of mutations in cultured mammalian cells: a review. Mutat. Res. 150:431–442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Duin, M., J. de Wit, H. Odijk, A. Westerveld, A. Yasui, M. H. M. Koken, J. H. J. Hoeijmakers, and D. Bootsma. 1986. Molecular characterization of the human excision repair gene ERCC-1: cDNA cloning and amino acid homology with the yeast DNA repair gene RADIO. Cell 44:913–923.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vos, J.-M. H. 1988. Analysis of psoralen monoadducts and interstrand crosslinks in defined genomic sequences, p. 367-398. In E. C. Friedberg and P. C. Hanawalt (ed.), DNA repair: a laboratory manual of research procedures, vol. 3. Marcel Dekker, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Vos, J.-M. H., and P. C. Hanawalt. 1987. Processing of psoralen adducts in an active human gene: repair and replication of DNA containing monoadducts and interstrand crosslinks. Cell 50:789–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wauthier, E. L., P. C. Hanawalt, and J.-M. H. Vos. 1990. Differential repair and replication of damaged DNA in ribosomal RNA genes in different CHO cell lines. J. Cell. Biochem. 43:173–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber, C. A., E. P. Salazar, S. A. Stewart, and L. H. Thompson. 1988. Molecular cloning and biological characterization of a human gene, ERCC2, that corrects the nucleotide excision repair defect in CHO UV5 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:1137–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R. D., P. Robins, and T. Lindahl. 1988. Complementation of the xeroderma pigmentosum DNA repair defect in cell-free extracts. Cell 53:97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. K., J. N. Masters, and G. Attardi. 1984. Human dihydrofolate reductase gene organization: extensive conservation of the G+C-rich 5′ non-coding sequence and strong intron size divergence from homologous mammalian genes. J. Mol. Biol. 176:169–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoakum, G. H., and R. S. Cole. 1978. Cross-linking and relation of supercoiled DNA by psoralen and light. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 521:529–546.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yunis, J. J., L. Soreng, and A. E. Bowe. 1987. Fragile sites are targets of diverse mutagens and carcinogens. Oncogene 1:5969.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., J. C. Wang, and L. F. Liu. 1988. Involvement of DNA topoisomerase I in transcription of human ribosomal RNA genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1060–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolan, M. E., G. A. Cortopassi, C. A. Smith, and P. C. Hanawalt. 1982. Deficient repair of chemical adducts in alpha DNA of monkey cells. Cell 28:613–619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar