Identification of a 70-Base-Pair Cell Cycle Regulatory Unit within the Promoter of the Human Thymidine Kinase Gene and Its Interaction with Cellular Factors

REFERENCES

• Arcot, S. S., E. R. Flemington, and P. L. Deininger. 1989. The human thymidine kinase gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 264:2343–2349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Artishevsky, A., A. M. Delegeane, and A. S. Lee. 1984. Use of a cell cycle mutant to delineate the critical period for the control of histone mRNA levels in the mammalian cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2364–2369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Artishevsky, A. S., S. Wooden, A. Sharma, E. Resendez, Jr., and A. S. Lee. 1987. Cell-cycle regulatory sequences in a hamster histone promoter and their interactions with cellular factors. Nature (London) 328:823–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, R., W. J. Boyle, J. Meek, T. Smeal, T. Hunter, and M. Karin. 1988. The c-Fos protein interacts with c-Jun/AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 54:541552.
   Google Scholar
• Chodosh, L. A., A. S. Baldwin, R. W. Carthew, and P. A. Sharp. 1988. Human CCAAT-binding protein have heterologous subunits. Cell 53:11–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppock, D. L., and A. B. Pardee. 1987. Control of thymidine kinase mRNA during the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2925–2932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemington, E., H. D. Bradshaw, Jr., V. Traina-Dorge, V. Sagel, and P. L. Deininger. 1987. Sequence, structure and promoter characterization of the human thymidine kinase gene. Gene 52:267–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallinari, P., F. La Bella, and N. Heintz. 1989. Characterization and purification of H1TF2, a novel CCAAT-binding protein that interacts with a histone Hl subtype-specific consensus element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1566–1575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gidoni, D., W. S. Dynan, and R. Tjian. 1984. Multiple specific contacts between a mammalian transcription factor and its cognate promoters. Nature (London) 312:409–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, M. K., M. S. Kainz, and G. F. Merrill. 1987. The chicken thymidine kinase gene is transcriptionally repressed during terminal differentiation: the associated decline in TK mRNA cannot account fully for the disappearance of TK enzyme activity. Dev. Biol. 122:439–451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gudas, J. M., G. B. Knight, and A. B. Pardee. 1988. Nuclear post-transcriptional processing of thymidine kinase mRNA at the onset of DNA synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4705—4709.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofbauer, R., E. Mullner, C. Seiser, and E. Wintersberger. 1987. Cell-cycle regulated synthesis of stable mouse thymidine kinase mRNA is mediated by a sequence within the cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:741–751.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holthuis, J., T. A. Owen, A. J. van Wijnen, K. L. Wright, A. Ramsey-Ewing, M. B. Kennedy, R. Carter, S. C. Cosenza, K. J. Soprano, J. B. Lian, J. L. Stein, and G. S. Stein. 1990. Tumor cells exhibit deregulation of the cell-cycle histone gene promoter factor HiNF-D. Science 247:1454–1457.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang, L, and C. B. Chae. 1989. S-phase-specific transcription regulatory elements are present in a replication-independent testis-specific H2B histone gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1005–1013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito, M., A. Sharma, A. S. Lee, and R. Maxson. 1989. Cell cycle regulation of H2b histone octamer DNA-binding activity in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:869–873.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, Y. K., S. Wells, Y.-F. C. Lau, and A. S. Lee. 1988. Sequences contained within the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene can direct cell-cycle regulation of heterologous fusion genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5894–5898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kit, S., and G. N. Jorgensen. 1976. Formation of thymidine kinase and deoxycytidylate deaminase in synchronized cultures of Chinese hamster cells temperature-sensitive for DNA synthesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 88:57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knight, G. B., J. M. Gudas, and A. B. Pardee. 1987. Cell-cycle- specific interaction of nuclear DNA-binding proteins with a CCAAT sequence from the human thymidine kinase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:8350–8354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreidberg, J. A., and T. J. Kelly. 1986. Genetic analysis of the human thymidine kinase gene promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2903-2909.
   Google Scholar
• LaBella, F., H. L. Sive, R. G. Roeder, and N. Heinz. 1988. Cell-cycle regulation of a human histone H2b gene is mediated by the H2b subtype-specific consensus element. Genes Dev. 2:32–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, J. A., and D. A. Matkovich. 1986. Genetic determinants of growth-phase-dependent and adenovirus V-responsive expression of the Chinese hamster thymidine kinase gene are contained within thymidine kinase mRNA sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2262–2266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipson, K. E., S.-T. Chen, J. Koniecki, D.-H. Ku, and R. Baserga. 1989. S-phase-specific regulation by deletion mutants of the human thymidine kinase promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6848–6852.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, H.-T., C. W. Gibson, R. R. Hirschhom, S. R. Rittling, R. Baserga, and W. E. Mercer. 1985. Expression of thymidine kinase and dihydrofolate reductase genes in mammalian ts mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 260:3269–3274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manley, J. L., A. Fire, A. Cano, P. A. Sharp, and M. L. Gefter. 1980. DNA-dependent transcription of adenovirus genes in a soluble whole-cell extract. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3855–3859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melero, J. A. 1981. Identification of the glucose/glycosylation- regulated proteins as those which accumulated in a temperaturesensitive cell line K12. J. Cell. Physiol. 109:59–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Resendez, E., Jr., S. K. Wooden, and A. S. Lee. 1988. Identification of highly conserved regulatory domains and proteinbinding sites in the promoters of the rat and human genes encoding the stress-inducible 78-kilodalton glucose-regulated protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4579–4584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roehl, H. H., and S. E. Conrad. 1990. Identification of a G1S-phase-regulated region in the human thymidine kinase gene promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3834–3837.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scharff, D. J., A. M. Delegeane, and A. S. Lee. 1982. Characterization of a cell-cycle mutant derived from hamster fibroblast: reversion analysis. J. Cell Biol. 92:629–633.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma, A., T. J. Bos, A. Pekkaia-Flagan, P. K. Vogt, and A. S. Lee. 1989. Interaction of cellular factors related to the Jun oncoprotein with the promoter of a replication-dependent hamster histone H3.2 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:491–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simanis, V., and P. Nurse. 1986. The cell-cycle control gene cdc2+ of fission yeast encodes a protein kinase potentially regulated by phosphorylation. Cell 45:261–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, C. J., M. Ito, and S. E. Conrad. 1987. Evidence for transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of the cellular thymidine kinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1156–1163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Travali, S., K. E. Lipson, D. Jaskulski, E. Lauret, and R. Baserga. 1988. Role of the promoter in the regulation of the thymidine kinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:1551–1557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, M.-L. J., and A. S. Lee. 1983. Polymerization of vector DNA after transfection into hamster fibroblast cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 110:593–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar