Construction of a Bifunctional mRNA in the Mouse by Using the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site of the Encephalomyocarditis Virus

REFERENCES

• Adra, C. N., P. H. Boer, and M. W. McBurney. 1987. Cloning and expression of the mouse pgk-1 gene and the nucleotides sequence of its promoter. Gene 60:65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beddington, R. S., J. Morgernstern, H. Land, and A. Hogan. 1989. An in situ transgenic enzyme marker for the midgestation mouse embryo and the visualization of inner cell mass clones during early organogenesis. Development 106:37–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradley, A. 1987. Production and analysis of chimaeric mice, p. 113–151. In E. J. Robertson (ed.), Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cells: a practical approach. IRL Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Capecchi, M. R. 1989. The new mouse genetics: altering the genome by gene targeting. Trends Genet. 5:70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elroy-Stein, O., T. R. Fuerst, and B. Moss. 1989. Cap-independent translation of mRNA conferred by encephalomyocarditis virus 5′ sequence improves the performance the vaccinia virus/ bacteriophage T7 hybrid expression system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6126–6130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghattas, I. R., J. R. Sanes, and J. E. Majors. 1991. The encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site allows efficient coexpression of two genes from a recombinant provirus in cultured cells and in embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5848–5859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., G. T. Merlino, M. C. Willingham, I. Pastan, and B. H. Howard. 1982. The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6777–6781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, S. K., M. V. Davies, R. J. Kaufman, and E. Wimmer. 1989. Initiation of protein synthesis by internal entry of ribosomes into the 5′ nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA in vivo. J. Virol. 63:1651–1660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, S. K., H.-G. Krausslich, M. J. H. Nicklin, G. M. Duke, A. C. Palmenberg, and E. Wimmer. 1988. A segment of the 5′ nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation. J. Virol. 62:2636–2643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, S. K., T. Pestova, C. U. T. Hellen, G. W. Witherell, and E. Wimmer. 1990. Cap-independent translation of picornavirus RNAs: structure and function of the internal ribosomal entry site. Enzyme 44:292–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jang, S. K., and E. Wimmer. 1990. Cap-independent translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA: structural elements of the internal ribosomal entry site and involvement of a cellular 57-kDRNA-binding protein. Genes Dev. 4:1560–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H. M., and H.-S. Shin. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1978. How do eukaryotic ribosomes select initiation regions in messenger RNA? Cell 15:1109–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1986. Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell 44:283–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.-J. 1991. Expression of growth/differentiation factor 1 in the nervous system: conservation of a bicistronic structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4250–4254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macejak, D. G., and P. Sarnow. 1991. Internal initiation of translation mediated by the 5′ leader of a cellular mRNA. Nature (London) 353:90–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meerovitch, K., J. Pelletier, and N. Sonenberg. 1989. A cellular protein that binds to the 5′-noncoding region of poliovirus RNA: implications for internal translation initiation. Genes Dev. 3:1026–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercola, M., J. Goverman, C. Merell, and K. Calame. 1985. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancement requires one or more tissue-specific factors. Science 227:266–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molla, A., S. K. Jang, A. V. Paul, Q. Reuer, and E. Wimmer. 1992. Cardioviral internal ribosomal entry site is functional in a genetically engineered dicistronic poliovirus. Nature (London) 356:255–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, P. P., and A. G. Hinnebusch. 1986. Multiple upstream AUG codons mediate translational control of GCN4. Cell 45:201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks, G. D., G. M. Duke, and A. C. Palmenberg. 1986. Encephalomyocarditis virus 3C protease: efficient cell-free expression from clones which link viral 5′ noncoding sequences to the P3 region. J. Virol. 60:376–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peabody, D. S., and P. Berg. 1986. Termination-reinitiation occurs in the translation of mammalian mRNAs. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2695–2703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelletier, J., and N. Sonenberg. 1988. Internal binding of ribosomes to the 5′ noncoding region of an eukaryotic mRNA: translation of poliovirus. Nature (London) 334:320–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, E. J. 1987. Embryo-derived stem cell lines, p. 1–78. In E. J. Robertson (ed.), Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cells. IRL Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, E. J. 1991. Using embryonic stem cells to introduce mutations into mouse germ lines. Biol. Reprod. 44:238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossant, J., and A. C. Joyner. 1989. Towards a molecular genetic analysis of mammalian development. Trends Genet. 5:277–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarnow, P. 1989. Translation of glucose-regulated protein 78/ immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein mRNA is increased in poliovirus-infected cells at a time when cap-dependent translation of cellular mRNAs is inhibited. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5795–5799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider-Gadiche, A., P. Beer-Romero, L. G. Brown, R. Nussbaum, and D. C. Page. 1989. ZFX has a gene structure similar to ZFY, the putative human sex determinant, and escapes X inactivation. Cell 57:1247–1258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin, H. S., T. A. Bargiello, B. T. Clark, F. R. Jackson, and M. W. Young. 1985. Unusual coding sequence from a Drosophila clock gene is conserved in vertebrates. Nature (London) 317:445–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonenberg, N. 1988. Cap-binding proteins of eukaryotic messenger RNA: functions in initiation and control of translation. Nucleic Acids Res. Mol. Biol. 35:173–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. R., and M. R. Capecchi. 1987. Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell 51:503–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trono, D., R. Andino, and D. Baltimore. 1988. An RNA sequence of hundreds of nucleotides at the 5′ end of poliovirus RNA is involved in allowing viral protein synthesis. J. Virol. 62:2291–2299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilmut, I., M. L. Hooper, and J. P. Simons. 1991. Genetic manipulation of mammals and its application in reproductive biology. J. Reprod. Fertil. 92:245–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou, Y., T. J. Giordano, R. K. Durbin, and W. T. McAllister. 1990. Synthesis of functional mRNA in mammalian cells by bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4529–4537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zibert, A., H.-C. Selinka, O. Elroy-Stein, B. Moss, and E. Wimmer. 1991. Vaccinia I virus-mediated expression and identification of the human poliovirus receptor. Virology 182:250–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar