The Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Promoter cis-Acting Element CLE0 Mediates Induction Signals in T Cells and is Recognized by Factors Related to AP1 and NFAT

References

• Abate, C., and T. Curran. 1990. Encounters with Fos and Jun on the road to AP-1. Semin. Cancer Biol. 1:19–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angel, P., and M. Karin. 1991. The role of Jun, Fos and the AP-1 complex in cell-proliferation and transformation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1072:129–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai, K. I., F. Lee, A. Miyajima, S. Miyatake, N. Arai, and T. Yokota. 1990. Cytokines: coordinators of immune and inflammatory responses. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59:783–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai, N., Y. Naito, M. Watanabe, E. S. Masuda, Y. Yamaguchi-Iwai, A. Tsuboi, T. Heike, I. Matsuda, K. Yokota, N. Koyano-Nakagawa, H. J. Lee, M. Muramatsu, T. Yokota, and K. Arai. 1992. Activation of lymphokines genes in T cells: role of cis-acting DNA elements that respond to T cell activation signals. Pharmac. Ther. 55:303–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brorson, K. A., B. Beverly, S. M. Kang, M. Lenardo, and R. H. Schwartz. 1991. Transcriptional regulation of cytokine genes in nontransformed T cells. Apparent constitutive signals in run-on assays can be caused by repeat sequences. J. Immunol. 147: 3601–3609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clipstone, N. A., and G. R. Crabtree. 1992. Identification of calcineurin as a key signalling enzyme in T-lymphocyte activation. Nature (London) 357:695–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockerill, P. N., M. F. Shannon, A. G. Bert, G. R. Ryan, and M. A. Vadas. 1993. The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin 3 locus is regulated by an inducible cyclosporin A-sensitive enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2466–2470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conaway, R. C., and J. W. Conaway. 1988. ATP activates transcription initiation from promoters by RNA polymerase II in a reversible step prior to RNA synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 263:2962–2968.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crabtree, G. R. 1989. Contingent genetic regulatory events in T lymphocyte activation. Science 243:355–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignam, J. D., R. M. Lebowitz, and R. G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmel, E. A., C. L. Verwey, D. B. Durand, K. M. Higgins, E. Lacy, and G. R. Crabtree. 1989. Cyclosporin A specifically inhibits function of nuclear proteins involved in T cell activation. Science 246:1617–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrielsen, O. S., E. Hornes, L. Korsnes, A. Ruet, and T. B. Oyen. 1989. Magnetic DNA affinity purification of yeast transcription factor tau—a new purification principle for the ultrarapid isolation of near homogeneous factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:6253–6267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heike, T., S. Miyatake, M. Yoshida, K. Arai, and N. Arai. 1989. Bovine papilloma virus encoded E2 protein activates lymphok-ine genes through DNA elements, distinct from the consensus motif, in the long control region of its own genome. EMBO J. 8:1411–1417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jain, J., P. G. McCaffrey, A. V. Valge, and A. Rao. 1992. Nuclear factor of activated T cells contains Fos and Jun. Nature (London) 356:801–864.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klausner, R. D., and L. E. Samelson. 1991. T cell antigen receptor activation pathways: the tyrosine kinase connection. Cell 64:875–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W., P. Mitchell, and R. Tjian. 1987. Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements. Cell 49:741–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathey, P. B., N. C. Andrews, H. S. Murphy, S. G. Kreissman, and D. G. Nathan. 1990. Positive and negative elements regulate human interleukin 3 expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5046–5050.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyatake, S., T. Otsuka, T. Yokota, F. Lee, and K. Arai. 1985. Structure of the chromosomal gene for granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor: comparison of the mouse and human genes. EMBO J. 4:2561–2568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyatake, S., M. Seiki, M. Yoshida, and K. Arai. 1988. T-cell activation signals and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-en-coded p40x protein activate the mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene through a common DNA element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5581–5587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyatake, S., J. Shlomai, K. Arai, and N. Arai. 1991. Characterization of the mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene promoter: nuclear factors that interact with an element shared by three lymphokine genes— those for GM-CSF, interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-5. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5894–5901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molitor, J. A., W. H. Walker, S. Doerre, D. W. Ballard, and W. C. Greene. 1990. NF-κB: a family of inducible and differentially expressed enhancer-binding proteins in human T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:10028–10032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakabeppu, Y., K. Ryder, and D. Nathans. 1988. DNA binding activities of three murine Jun proteins: stimulation by Fos. Cell 55:907–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimer, S.%% 1991. Tax responsiveness of the GM-CSF promoter is mediated by mitogen-inducible sequences other than kappa B. New Biol. 3:997–1004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nimer, S., J. Fraser, J. Richards, M. Lynch, and J. Gasson. 1990. The repeated sequence CATT(A/T) is required for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promoter activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6084–6088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimer, S. D., E. A. Morita, M. J. Martis, W. Wachsman, and J. C. Gasson. 1988. Characterization of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promoter region by genetic analysis: correlation with DNase I footprinting. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:1979–1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, S. J., J. Tamura, R. L. Kincaid, M. J. Tocci, and E. A. O’Neill. 1992. FK-506- and CsA-sensitive activation of the interleukin-2 promoter by calcineurin. Nature (London) 357: 692–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razanajaona, D., C. Maroc, M. Lopez, P. Mannoni, and J. Gabert. 1992. Shift from posttranscriptional to predominant transcriptional control of the expression of the GM-CSF gene during activation of human Jurkat cells. Cell Growth Differ. 3:299–305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Risse, G., K. Jooss, M. Neuberg, H. J. Bruller, and R. Muller. 1989. Asymmetrical recognition of the palindromic API binding site (TRE) by Fos protein complexes. EMBO J. 8:3825–3832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, G. R., S. E. Milton, A. F. Lopez, P. G. Bardy, M. A. Vadas, and M. F. Shannon. 1991. Human interleukin-3 mRNA accumulation is controlled at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Blood 77:1195–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreck, R., and P. A. Baeuerle. 1990. NF-κB as inducible transcriptional activator of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1281–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, E., P. Matthias, M. M. Muller, and W. Schaffher. 1989. Rapid detection of octamer binding proteins with ‘miniextracts’, prepared from a small number of cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:6420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shannon, M. F., J. R. Gamble, and M. A. Vadas. 1988. Nuclear proteins interacting with the promoter region of the human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:674–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J. P., P. J. Utz, D. B. Durand, J. J. Toole, E. A. Emmel, and G. R. Crabtree. 1988. Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes. Science 241:202–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, S. G., R. Hromas, and K. Kaushansky. 1990. Transcriptional regulation of interleukin 3 gene expression in T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9650–9654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigal, N. H., and F. J. Dumont. 1992. Cyclosporin A, FK-506, and rapamycin: pharmacologic probes of lymphocyte signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10:519–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto, K., A. Tsuboi, S. Miyatake, K. Arai, and N. Arai. 1990. Inducible and non-inducible factors co-operatively activate the GM-CSF promoter by interacting with two adjacent DNA motifs. Int. Immunol. 2:787–794.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tokumitsu, H., E. S. Masuda, A. Tsuboi, K. Arai, and N. Arai. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuboi, A., and N. Arai. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuboi, A., K. Sugimoto, J. Yodoi, S. Miyatake, K. Arai, and N. Arai. 1991. A nuclear factor NF-GM2 that interacts with a regulatory region of the GM-CSF gene essential for its induction in responses to T-cell activation: purification from human T-cell leukemia line Jurkat cells and similarity to NF-kappa B. Int. Immunol. 3:807–817.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss, A., J. Imboden, K. Hardy, B. Manger, C. Terhorst, and J. Stobo. 1986. The role of the T3/antigen receptor complex in T-cell activation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 4:593–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar