In Vitro Transcription of a Drosophila U1 Small Nuclear RNA Gene Requires TATA Box-Binding Protein and Two Proximal cis-Acting Elements with Stringent Spacing Requirements

REFERENCES

• Beck, E., J. L. Jorcano, and A. Alonso. 1984. Drosophila melanogaster Ul and U2 small nuclear RNA genes contain common flanking sequences. J. Mol. Biol. 173:539–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bungert, J., I. Kober, F. Düring, and K. H. Seifart. 1992. Transcription factor eUSF is an essential component of isolated transcription complexes on the duck histone H5 gene and it mediates the interaction of TFIID with a TATA-deficient promoter. J. Mol. Biol. 223:885–898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carcamo, J., L. Buckbinder, and D. Reinberg. 1991. The initiator directs the assembly of a transcription factor IID-dependent transcription complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8052–8056.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu, B. C. F., and L. E. Orgel. 1991. Binding of hairpin and dumbbell DNA to transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:6958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comai, L., N. Tanese, and R. Tjian. 1992. The TATA-binding protein and associated factors are integral components of the RNA polymerase I transcription factor, SLl. Cell 68:965–976.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cormack, B. P., and K. Struhl. 1992. The TATA-binding protein is required for transcription by all three nuclear RNA polymerases in yeast cells. Cell 69:685–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, J. E., and E. Lund. 1988. The genes and transcription of the major small nuclear RNAs, p. 38–70. In Μ. L. Birnstiel (ed.), Structure and function of major and minor small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Springer Verlag KG, Heidelberg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, J. E., and E. Lund. 1991. How does III × II make U6? Science 254:1462–1463.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das, G., D. Henning, and R. Reddy. 1987. Structure, organization, and transcription of Drosophila U6 small nuclear RNA genes. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1187–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dynlacht, B. D., T. Hoey, and R. Tjian. 1991. Isolation of coactivators associated with the TATA-binding protein that mediate transcriptional activation. Cell 66:563–576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunderson, S. I., Μ. W. Knuth, and R. R. Burgess. 1990. The human Ul snRNA promoter correctly initiates transcription in vitro and is activated by PSEl. Genes Dev. 4:2048–2060.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guthrie, C. 1991. Messenger RNA splicing in yeast: clues to why the Spliceosome is a ribonucleoprotein. Science 253:157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiermann, R∙, and O. Pongs. 1985. In vitro transcription with extracts of nuclei of Drosophila embryos. Nucleic Acids Res. 13:2709–2730.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernandez, N., and R. Lucito. 1988. Elements required for transcription initiation of the human U2 snRNA gene coincide with elements required for snRNA 3’ end formation. EMBO J. 7:3125–3134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernandez, N., and A. Μ. Weiner. 1986. Formation of the 3’ end of Ul snRNA requires compatible snRNA promoter elements. Cell 47:249–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoey, T., B. D. Dynlacht, Μ. G. Peterson, B. F. Pugh, and R. Tjian. 1990. Isolation and characterization of the Drosophila gene encoding the TATA box binding protein, TFIID. Cell 61:1179–1186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffmann, A., E. Sinn, T. Yamamoto, J. Wang, A. Roy, Μ. Horikoshi, and R. G. Roeder. 1990. Highly conserved core domain and unique N terminus with presumptive regulatory motifs in a human TATA factor (TFIID). Nature (London) 346:387–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kadonaga, J. T. 1990. Assembly and disassembly of the Drosophila RNA polymerase II complex during transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 265:2624–2631.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamakaka, R. T., C. Μ. Tyree, and J. T. Kadonaga. 1991. Accurate and efficient RNA polymerase II transcription with a soluble nuclear fraction derived from Drosophila embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1024–1028.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kassavetis, G. A., C. A. P Joazeiro, Μ. Pisano, E. P. Gei-duschek, T. Colbert, S. Hahn, and J. A. Blanco. 1992. The role of the TATA-binding protein in the assembly and function of the multisubunit yeast RNA polymerase III transcription factor, TFIIIB. Cell 71:1055–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kejzlarova-Lepesant, J., H. W. Brock, J. Moreau, M.-L. Dubertret, A. Billault, and J.-A. Lepesant. 1984. A complete and a truncated Ul snRNA gene of Drosophila melanogaster are found as inverted repeats at region 82E of the polytene chromosome. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:8835–8846.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lescure, A∙, P. Carbon, and A. Krol. 1991. The different positioning of the proximal sequence element in the Xenopus RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters is a key determinant which confers RNA polymerase III specificity. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:435–441.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lo, P. C. H., and S. Μ. Mount. 1990. Drosophila melanogaster genes for Ul snRNA variants and their expression during development. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6971–6979.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lobo, S. Μ., and N. Hernandez. 1989. A 7 bp mutation converts a human RNA polymerase II snRNA promoter into an RNA polymerase III promoter. Cell 58:55–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo, S. Μ., S. Ifill, and N. Hernandez. 1990. Cis-acting elements required for RNA polymerase II and III transcription in the human U2 and U6 snRNA promoters. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:2891–2899.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lobo, S. Μ., J. Lister, Μ. L. Sullivan, and N. Hernandez. 1991. The cloned RNA polymerase II transcription factor IID selects RNA polymerase III to transcribe the human U6 gene in vitro. Genes Dev. 5:1477–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo, S. Μ., Μ. Tanaka, Μ. L. Sullivan, and N. Hernandez. 1992. A TBP complex essential for transcription from TATA- Iess but not TATA-Containing RNA polymerase III promoters is part of the TFIIIB fraction. Cell 71:1029–1040.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lund, E., and J. E. Dahlberg. 1989. In vitro synthesis of vertebrate Ul snRNA. EMBO J. 8:287–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattig, I. W., N. A. Dathan, H. D. Parry, P. Carbon, and A. Krol. 1988. Changing the RNA polymerase specificity of U snRNA gene promoters. Cell 55:435–442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris, G. F., D. H. Price, and W. F. Marzluff. 1986. Synthesis of Ul RNA in a DNA-dependent system from sea urchin embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3674–3678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, J. T., J. Μ. Skuzeski, E. Lund, T. H. Steinberg, R. R. Burgess, and J. E. Dahlberg. 1987. Functional elements of the human Ul RNA promoter. III. Identification of five separate regions required for efficient transcription and template competition. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1795–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman de Vegvar, H. E., and J. E. Dahlberg. 1989. Initiation and termination of human Ul RNA transcription requires the concerted action of multiple flanking elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:9305–9318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neuman de Vegvar, H. E., E. Lund, and J. E. Dahlberg. 1986. 3’ end formation of Ul snRNA precursors is coupled to transcription from snRNA promoters. Cell 47:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry, H. D., D. Scherly, and I. W. Mattaj 1989. Snurpogene- sis: the transcription and assembly of U snRNP components. Trends Biochem. Sci. 14:15–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, B. F., and R. Tjian. 1991. Transcription from a TATA- Iess promoter requires a multisubunit TFIID complex. Genes Dev. 5:1935–1945.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy, R. 1988. Transcription of a U6 small nuclear RNA gene in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 263:15980–15984.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy, R., and R. Singh. 1991. Synthesis of small nuclear RNAs, p. 1–36. In P. Jeanteur, Y. Kuchino, W. E. G Muller, and P. L. Paine (ed.), Progress in molecular and subcellular biology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Rigby, P. W. J. 1993. Three in one and one in three: it all depends on TBP. Cell 72:7–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saba, J. A., H. Busch, D. Wright, and R. Reddy. 1986. Isolation and characterization of two putative full-length Drosophila U4 small nuclear RNA genes. J. Biol. Chem. 261:8750–8753.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultz, Μ. C., R. H. Reeder, and S. Hahn. 1992. Variants of the TATA-binding protein can distinguish subsets of RNA polymerase I, II, and III promoters. Cell 69:697–702.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmen, K. A., J. Bernués, J. D. Lewis, and I. W. Mattqj. 1992. Coffactionation of the TATA-binding protein with the RNA polymerase III transcription factor TFIIIB. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:5889–5898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmen, K. A., J. Bernues, H. D. Parry, H. G. Stunnenberg, A. Berkenstam, B. Cavallini, J.-M. Egly, and I. W. Mattaj. 1991. TFIID is required for in vitro transcription of the human U6 gene by RNA polymerase III. EMBO J. 10:1853–1862.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmen, K. A., R. Waldschmidt, J. Bernués, H. D. Parry, K. H. Seifart, and I. W. Mattqj. 1992. Proximal sequence element factor binding and species specificity in vertebrate U6 snRNA promoters. J. Mol. Biol. 223:873–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluder, A. E., D. H. Price, and A. L. Greenleaf. 1987. An activity necessary for in vitro transcription is a DNase inhibitor. Biochimie 69:1199–1205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soeller, W. C., S. J. Poole, and T. Kornberg. 1988. In vitro transcription of the Drosophila engrailed gene. Genes Dev. 2:68–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Southgate, C., and Μ. Busslinger. 1989. In vivo and in vitro expression of U7 snRNA genes: cis- and trans-acting elements required for RNA polymerase Il-directed transcription. EMBO J. 8:539–549.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stefanovic, B., and W. F. Marzluff. 1992. Characterization of two developmentally regulated sea urchin U2 small nuclear RNA promoters: a common required TATA sequence and independent proximal and distal elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:650–660.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinberg, T. H., D. E. Mathews, R. D. Durbin, and R. R. Burgess. 1990. Tagetitoxin: a new inhibitor of eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerase III. J. Biol. Chem. 265:499–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steitz, J. A., D. L. Black, V. Gerke, K. A. Parker, A. Kramer, D. Frendewey, and W. Keller. 1988. Functions of the abundant U-snRNPs, p. 115–154. In Μ. L. Bimsteil (ed.), Structure and function of major and minor small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Springer Verlag KG, Heidelberg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, A. K. P., T. S. Fisher, and B. F. Pugh. 1992. The TATA-binding protein and associated factors are components of Pol III transcription factor TFIIIB. Cell 71:1015–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyree, C. Μ. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Waibel, F., and W. Filipowicz. 1990. RNA-polymerase specificity of transcription of Arabidopsis U snRNA genes determined by promoter element spacing. Nature (London) 346:199–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldschmidt, R., I. Wanandi, and K. H. Seifart. 1991. Identification of transcription factors required for the expression of mammalian U6 genes in vitro. EMBO J. 10:2595–2603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampler, S. L., C. Μ. Tyree, and J. T. Kadonaga. 1990. Fractionation of the general RNA polymerase II transcription factors from Drosophila embryos. J. Biol. Chem. 265:21223–21231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White, R. J., and S. P. Jackson. 1992. Mechanism of TATA- binding protein recruitment to a TATA-Iess class III promoter. Cell 71:1041–1053.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White, R. J., S. P. Jackson, and P. W. J. Rigby. 1992. A role for the TATA-box-binding protein component of the transcription factor IID complex as a general RNA polymerase III transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1949–1953.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou, Q., P. Μ. Lieberman, T. G. Boyer, and A. J. Berk. 1992. HOLO-TFIID supports transcriptional stimulation by diverse activators and from a TATA-Iess promoter. Genes Dev. 6:1964–1974.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar