The Location of v-src in a Retrovirus Vector Determines Whether the Virus Is Toxic or Transforming

LITERATURE CITED

• Bandyopadhyay, P. K., and Temin, H. M. 1984. Expression from an internal AUG codon of herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene inserted in a retrovirus vector. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:743–748.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bishop, J. M., and Varmus, H. 1982. Functions and origins of retroviral transforming genes, p. 999–1108. In Weiss, R., Teich, N., Varmus, H. E., and Coffin, J. (ed.), RNA tumor viruses. The molecular biology of tumor viruses, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y..
   Google Scholar
• Bister, K., Nunn, M., Moscovici, C., Perbal, B., Baluda, M. A., and Duesberg, P. H. 1982. Acute leukemia viruses E26 and avian myeloblastosis virus have related transformation-specific RNA sequences but different genetic structures, gene products, and oncogenic properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:3677–3681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collett, M. S., and Erikson, R. L. 1978. Protein kinase activity associated with the avian sarcoma virus src gene product. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:2021–2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czernilofsky, A. P., Levinson, A. D., Varmus, H. E., Bishop, J. M., Tischer, E., and Goodman, H. M. 1980. Nucleotide sequence of an avian sarcoma virus oncogene (src) and proposed amino acid sequence for gene product. Nature (London) 287:198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R. L., and Gerald, P. S. 1977. Induction of mammalian somatic cell hybridization by polyethylene glycol. Methods Cell Biol. 15:325–338.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duesberg, P. H., Bister, K., and Moscovici, C. 1980. Genetic analysis of avian myeloblastosis virus, released from transformed myeloblasts as a defective virus particle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:5120–5124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerman, M., and Temin, H. M. 1984. High-frequency deletion in recovered retrovirus vectors containing exogenous DNA with promoters. J. Virol. 50:42–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham, H. L., and van der Eb, A. J. 1973. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirt, B. 1967. Selective extraction of polyoma DNA from infected mouse cell cultures. J. Mol. Biol. 26:265–269.
   Google Scholar
• Holtzer, H., Beihl, J., Yeoh, C., Meganathan, R., and Kaji, A. 1975. Effect of oncogenic virus on muscle differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:4051–4055.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes, S. 1982. Complete nucleotide sequences of three retroviral genomes and a cellular one gene, p. 1337–1348. In Weiss, R., Teich, N., Varmus, H. E., and Coffin, J. (ed.), RNA tumor viruses. The molecular biology of tumor viruses, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y..
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, H. W., Patschinsky, T., and Bister, K. 1983. Avian oncovirus MH2: molecular cloning of pro viral DNA and structural analyses of viral RNA and protein. J. Virol. 48:61–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansen, H. W., Ruckert, B., Lurz, R., and Bister, K. 1983. Two unrelated cell-derved sequences in the genome of avian leukemia and carcinoma inducing retrovirus MH2. EMBO J. 2:1969–1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, L., Kingsbury, D., and Helinski, D. R. 1973. Stimulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid replication and catabolite repression of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid-protein relaxation complex. J. Bacteriol. 114:577–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthman, H., and Magnusson, G. 1983. High efficiency polyoma DNA transfection of chloroquine treated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1295–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan, R. C., and Berg, P. 1980. Expression of a bacterial gene in mammalian cells. Science 209:1422–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan, R. C., and Berg, P. 1981. Selection for animal cells that express the Escherichia coli gene coding for xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:2072–2076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, P. W. J., Dieckmann, M., Rhodes, C., and Berg, P. 1977. Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J. Mol. Biol. 113:239–251.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, J. 1976. A precursor of globin messenger RNA. J. Mol. Biol. 106:403–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimotohno, K., and Temin, H. M. 1981. Formation of infectious progeny virus after infection of herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene into DNA of an avian retrovirus. Cell 26:67–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern, E. M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98:503–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern, P. J., and Berg, P. 1982. Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:327–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stow, N. D., and Wilkie, N. M. 1976. An improved technique for obtaining enhanced infectivity with herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA. J. Gen. Virol. 33:447–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeya, T., and Hanafusa, H. 1983. Structure and sequence of the cellular gene homologous to the RSV src gene and the mechanism for generating transforming virus. Cell 32:881–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temin, H. M., and Kassner, V. K. 1976. Avian leukosis viruses from different subgroups and types isolated after passage of Rous sarcoma virus-Rous-associated virus-0 in cells from different ring-necked pheasant embryos. J. Virol. 19:302–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, P. S. 1980. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:5201–5205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, S., and Temin, H. M. 1982. Encapsidation sequences for spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus, are between the 5′ long terminal repeat and the start of the gag gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:5986–5990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, S., and Temin, H. M. 1983. Construction of a helper cell line for avian reticuloendotheliosis virus cloning vectors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:2241–2249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, S. M., and Witte, O. N. 1983. Site-directed deletions of Abelson murine leukemia virus define 3′ sequences essential for transformation and lethality. J. Virol. 45:1028–1036.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wyke, J. 1983. From c-src to v-src. Nature (London) 304:491–492.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ziegler, S. F., Whitlock, C. A., Goff, S. P., Gifford, A., and Witte, O. N. 1981. Lethal effect of the Abelson murine leukemia virus transforming gene product. Cell 27:477–486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar