Malignant Transformation of Murine Fibroblasts by a Human c-Ha-ras-1 Oncogene Does Not Require a Functional Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

LITERATURE CITED

• Anzano, M. A., A. B. Roberts, J. E. De Larco, L. M. Wakefield, R. K. Assoian, N. S. Roche, J. M. Smith, J. E. Lazarus, and M. B. Sporn. 1985. Increased secretion of type β transforming growth factor accompanies viral transformation of cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:242–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzano, M. A., A. B. Roberts, J. M. Smith, M. B. Sporn, and J. E. De Larco. 1983. Sarcoma growth factor from conditioned medium of virally transformed cells is composed of both type α and type β transforming growth factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6264–6268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. D., D. M. Blakeley, P. Roberts, and R. J. Avery. 1985. Loss of epidermal growth factor receptors and release of transforming growth factors do not correlate with sarcoma virus-transformation in clonally-related NIH/3T3 derived cell lines. Biochem. J. 229:119–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, R., C. J. Marshall, S. G. Pennie, and A. Hall. 1984. Mechanism of activation of an N-ras gene in the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080. EMBO J. 3:1321–1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capon, D. J., E. Y. Chen, A. D. Levinson, P. H. Seeburg, and D. V. Goeddel. 1983. Complete nucleotide sequences of the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene and its normal homologue. Nature (London) 302:33–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capon, D. J., P. H. Seeburg, J. P. McGrath, J. S. Hayflick, U. Edman, A. D. Levinson, and D. V. Goeddel. 1983. Activation of Ki-ras 2 gene in human colon and lung carcinomas by two different point mutations. Nature (London) 304:507–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, G., C. M. Stoscheck, Y. A. Preston, and J. E. De Larco. 1983. Antibodies to the epidermal growth factor receptor block the biological activities of sarcoma growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5627–5630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, E. H., M. E. Furth, E. M. Scolnick, and D. R. Lowy. 1982. Tumorigenic transformation of mammalian cells induced by a normal human gene homologous to the oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Nature (London) 297:479–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, E. H., M. A. Gonda, R. W. Ellis, E. M. Scolnick, and D. R. Lowy. 1982. Human genome contains four genes homologous to transforming genes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:4848–4852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker, S. 1984. Purification of denatured epidermal growth factor receptor from A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 228:621–626.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Decker, S. J. 1984. Aspects of the metabolism of the epidermal growth factor receptor in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:571–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Larco, J. E., and J. G. Todaro. 1978. Growth factors from murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4001–4005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Larco, J. E., and J. G. Todaro. 1980. Specific binding to and elution from membrane receptors for epidermal growth factor. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 14:643–649.
   Google Scholar
• Der, C. J., T. G. Krontiris, and G. M. Cooper. 1982. Transforming genes of human bladder and lung carcinoma cell lines are homologous to the ras genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:3637–3640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derynck, R., A. B. Roberts, M. E. Winkler, E. Y. Chen, and D. V. Goeddel. 1984. Human transforming growth factor α: precursor structure and expression in E. coli. Cell 38:287–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devouge, M. W., B. B. Mukherjee, and S. D. J. Pena. 1982. Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-coded p21ras may act on multiple targets to effect pleiotropic changes in transformed cells. Virology 121:327–344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finkel, T., C. J. Der, and G. M. Cooper. 1984. Activation of ras genes in human tumors does not affect localization, modification or nucleotide binding properties of p21. Cell 37:151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furth, M. E., L. J. Davis, B. Fleurdelys, and E. M. Scolnick. 1982. Monoclonal antibodies to the p21 products of the transforming gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus and of the cellular ras gene family. J. Virol. 43:294–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman, A. G. 1984. G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase. Cell 36:577–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig, R. G., T. P. Koestler, D. L. Trainer, S. P. Carwin, L. Miles, T. Kline, R. Sweet, S. Yokoyama, and G. Poste. 1985. Tumorigenic and metastatic properties of “normal” and ras- transfected NIH-3T3 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3698–3701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, A., C. J. Marshall, N. K. Spurr, and R. A. Weiss. 1983. Identification of transforming gene in two human sarcoma cell lines as a new member of the ras gene family located on chromosome 1. Nature (London) 303:396–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley, J. B., M. I. Simon, D. B. Teplow, J. D. Robishaw, and A. G. Gilman. 1984. Homologies between signal transducing G proteins and ras gene products. Science 226:860–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamata, T., and J. R. Feramisco. 1984. Epidermal growth factor stimulates guanine nucleotide binding activity and phosphorylation of ras oncogene proteins. Nature (London) 310:147–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, P. L., M. Anderson, and B. Ozanne. 1982. Transforming growth factor(s) production enables cells to grow in the absence of serum: an autocrine system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:485–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, P. L., and B. Ozanne. 1983. Cellular responsiveness to growth factors correlates with a cell's ability to express the transformed phenotype. Cell 33:931–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liboi, E., M. Caruso, and C. Basilico. 1984. New rat cell line that is highly susceptible to transformation by several oncogenes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2925–2928.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marquardt, H., M. W. Hunkapiller, L. E. Hood, D. R. Twardzik, J. E. De Larco, J. R. Stephenson, and G. J. Todaro. 1983. Transforming growth factors produced by retrovirus- transformed rodent fibroblasts and human melanoma cells: amino acid sequence homology with epidermal growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4684–4688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, C. J., K. Vousden, and B. Ozanne. 1985. The involvement of activated ras genes in determining the transformed phenotype. Proc. R. Soc. London B 226:99–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massague, J., M. P. Czech, K. Iwata, J. E. De Larco, and G. J. Todaro. 1982. Affinity labelling of a transforming growth factor receptor that does not interact with epidermal growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6822–6826.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matrisian, L. M., N. Glaichenhaus, M. C. Gesnel, and R. Breathnach. 1985. Epidermal growth factor and oncogenes induce transcription of the same cellular mRNA in rat fibroblasts. EMBO J. 4:1435–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick, F., B. F. C. Clark, T. F. M. la Cour, M. Kjeldgaard, L. Norskov-Lauritsen, and J. Nyborg. 1985. A model for the tertiary structure of p21, the product of the ras oncogene. Science 230:78–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, J. P., D. J. Capon, D. V. Goeddel, and A. D. Levinson. 1984. Comparative biochemical properties of normal and activated human ras p21. Nature (London) 310:644–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozanne, B., R. J. Fulton, and P. L. Kaplan. 1980. Kirsten murine sarcoma virus transformed cell lines and a spontaneously transformed rat cell line produce transforming factors. J. Cell. Physiol. 105:163–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parada, L. F., C. J. Tabin, C. Shih, and R. A. Weinberg. 1982. Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is homologue of Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene. Nature (London) 297:474–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike, L. J., H. Marquardt, G. J. Todaro, B. Gallis, J. E. Casnellie, P. Bomstein, and E. G. Krebs. 1982. Transforming growth factor and epidermal growth factor stimulate the phosphorylation of a synthetic, tyrosine-containing peptide in a similar manner. J. Biol. Chem. 257:14628–14632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruss, R. M., and H. R. Herschman. 1977. Variants of 3T3 cells lacking mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:3918–3921.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pruss, R. M., H. R. Herschman, and V. Klement. 1978. 3T3 variants lacking receptors for epidermal growth factor are susceptible to transformation by Kirsten sarcoma virus. Nature (London) 274:272–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulciani, S., E. Santos, A. V. Lauver, L. K. Long, K. C. Robbins, and M. Barbacid. 1982. Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines: molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder carcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2845–2849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, E., S. R. Tronick, S. A. Aaronson, S. Pulciani, and M. Barbacid. 1982. T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is an activated form of the normal human homologue of Balb- and Harvey-MSV transforming genes. Nature (London) 298:343–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, C. A., R. W. Lim, E. Terwilliger, and H. R. Herschman. 1986. Epidermal growth factor-nonresponsive 3T3 variants do not contain epidermal growth factor receptor-related antigens or mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:333–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shih, T. Y., M. O. Weeks, H. A. Young, and E. M. Scolnick. 1979. p21 of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus is thermolabile in a viral mutant temperature sensitive for the maintenance of transformation. J. Virol. 31:546–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern, P. J., and P. Berg. 1982. Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:327–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sporn, M. B., and A. B. Roberts. 1985. Autocrine growth factors and cancer. Nature (London) 313:745–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spom, M. B., and C. J. Todaro. 1980. Autocrine secretion and malignant transformation of cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 303:878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava, S. K., Y. Yuasa, S. H. Reynolds, and S. A. Aaronsen. 1985. Effects of two major activating lesions on the structure and conformation of human ras oncogene products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:38–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweet, R. W., S. Yokoyama, T. Kamata, J. R. Feramisco, M. Rosenberg, and M. Gross. 1984. The product of ras is a GTPase and the T24 oncogenic mutant is deficient in this activity. Nature (London) 311:273–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabin, C. J., S. M. Bradley, C. I. Bargmann, R. A. Weinberg, A. G. Papageorge, E. M. Scolnick, R. Dhar, D. R. Lowy, and E. H. Chang. 1982. Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene. Nature (London) 300:143–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taparowsky, E., K. Shimizu, M. Goldfarb, and M. Wigler. 1983. Structure and activation of the human N-ras gene. Cell 34:581–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, P. S. 1980. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:5201–5205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorgeirsson, U. P., T. Turpeenniemi-Hujanen, J. E. Williams, E. H. Westin, C. A. Heilman, J. E. Talmadge, and L. A. Liotta. 1985. NIH/3T3 cells transfected with human tumor DNA containing activated ras oncogenes express the metastatic phenotype in nude mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:259–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todaro, G. J., J. E. De Larco, and S. Cohen. 1976. Transformation by murine and feline sarcoma viruses specifically blocks binding of epidermal growth factor to cells. Nature (London) 264:26–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willingham, M. C., S. P. Banks-Schlegel, and I. H. Pastan. 1983. Immunocytochemical localization in normal and transformed human cells in tissue culture using a monoclonal antibody to the src protein of the Harvey strain of murine sarcoma virus. Cell Res. 149:141–149.
   Google Scholar