Alternative Inducers of the Rat Metallothionein I Gene Cause Distinct Changes in Chromatin Structure in the 5′ Region of the Gene

LITERATURE CITED

• Andersen, R. D., B. W. Birren, T. Ganz, J. E. Piletz, and H. R. Herschman. 1983. Molecular cloning of the rat metallothionein 1 (MT-1) mRNA sequence. DNA 2:15–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen, R. D., B. W. Birren, S. J. Taplitz, and H. R. Herschman. 1986. Rat metallothionein-1 structural gene and three pseudogenes, one of which contains 5′-regulatory sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:302–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birren, B. W., and H. R. Herschman. 1986. Regulation of the rate metallothionein-I gene by sodium butyrate. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:853–867.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burch, J. B. E., and H. Weintraub. 1983. Temporal order of chromatin structural changes associated with activation of the major chicken vitellogenin gene. Cell 33:65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrysogelos, S., D. E. Riley, G. Stein, and J. Stein. 1985. A human histone H4 gene exhibits cell cycle-dependent changes in chromatin structure that correlate with its expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7535–7539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costlow, N. A., J. A. Simon, and J. T. Lis. 1985. A hypersensitive site in hsp70 chromatin requires adjacent not internal DNA sequence. Nature (London) 313:147–149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deschatrette, J., and M. C. Weiss. 1974. Characterization of differentiated and dedifferentiated clones from a rat hepatoma. Biochimie 56:1603–1611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnam, D. M., J. S. Hoffman, C. J. Quaife, E. P. Benditt, H. Y. Chen, R. L. Brinster, and R. D. Palmiter. 1984. Induction of mouse metallothionein-I mRNA by bacterial endotoxin is independent of metals and glucocorticoid hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:1053–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnam, D. M., and R. D. Palmiter. 1981. Transcriptional regulation of the mouse metallothionein-I gene by heavy metals. J. Biol. Chem. 256:5712–5716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnam, D. M., and R. D. Palmiter. 1984. Induction of metallothionein-I mRNA in cultured cells by heavy metals and iodoacetate: evidence for gratuitous inducers. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:484–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgin, S. C. R. 1981. DNase I-hypersensitive sites of chromatin. Cell 27:413–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgin, S. C. R. 1984. Anatomy of hypersensitive sites. Nature (London) 309:213–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, B. M., C. D. Lewis, and G. Felsenfeld. 1985. Interaction of specific nuclear factors with the nuclease-hypersensitive region of the chicken adult β-globin gene: nature of the binding domain. Cell 41:21–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fritton, H. P., T. Igo-Kemenes, J. Nowock, U. Strech-Jurk, M. Theisen, and A. E. Sippel. 1984. Alternative sets of DNase I-hypersensitive sites characterize the various functional states of the chicken lysozyme gene. Nature (London) 311:163–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross-Bellard, M., P. Oudet, and P. Chambon. 1973. Isolation of high-molecular-weight DNA from mammalian cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 36:32–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hager, L. J., and R. D. Palmiter. 1981. Transcriptional regulation of mouse liver metallothionein-I gene by glucocorticoids. Nature (London) 291:340–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslinger, A., and M. Karin. 1985. Upstream promoter element of the human metallothionein-IIA gene can act like an enhancer element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8572–8576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, K. A., and R. Tjian. 1985. Spl binds to promoter sequences and activates herpes simplex virus “immediate-early” gene transcription in vitro. Nature (London) 317:179–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kägi, J. H. R., and M. Nordberg (ed.). 1979. Metallothionein. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel.
   Google Scholar
• Karin, M., A. Haslinger, H. Holtgreve, R. I. Richards, P. Krauter, H. M. Westphal, and M. Beato. 1984. Characterization of DNA sequences through which cadmium and glucocorticoids induce human metallothionein-IIA gene. Nature (London) 308:513–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin, M., H. R. Herschman, and D. Weinstein. 1980. Primary induction of metallothionein by dexamethasone in cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 92:1052–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin, M., R. J. Imbra, A. Heguy, and G. Wong. 1985. Inter-leukin 1 regulates human metallothionein gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2866–2869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin, M., E. P. Slater, and H. R. Herschman. 1981. Regulation of metallothionein synthesis in HeLa cells by heavy metals and glucocorticoids. J. Cell. Physiol. 106:63–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson, D. O. 1985. Alterations in chromatin structure associated with glucocorticoid-induced expression of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1104–1110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rigby, P. W. J., M. Dieckmann, C. Rhodes, and P. Berg. 1977. Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J. Mol. Biol. 113:237–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seguin, C., B. K. Felber, A. D. Carter, and D. H. Hamer. 1984. Competition for cellular factors that activate metallothionein gene transcription. Nature (London) 312:781–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senear, A., and R. D. Palmiter. 1983. Expression of the mouse metallothionein I gene alters the nuclease hypersensitivity of its 5′ regulatory region. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 47:539–547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Southern, E. M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98:503–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadler, J., M. Groudine, J. B. Dodgson, J. D. Engle, and H. Weintraub. 1980. Hb switching in chickens. Cell 19:973–980.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Storb, U., R. Wilson, E. Seising, and A. Walfield. 1981. Rearranged and germline immunoglobulin kappa genes. Different states of DNase I sensitivity of constant kappa genes in immunocompetent and nonimmune cells. Biochemistry 20:990–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart, G. W., P. F. Searle, H. Y. Chen, R. L. Brinster, and R. D. Palmiter. 1984. A 12-base-pair DNA motif that is repeated several times in metallothionein gene promoters confers metal regulation to a heterologous gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7318–7322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topol, J., D. M. Ruden, and C. S. Parker. 1985. Sequences required for in vitro transcriptional activation of a Drosophila hsp70 gene. Cell 42:527–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl, G. M., M. Stern, and G. R. Stark. 1979. Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxy-methyl-paper and rapid hybridization by using dextran sulfate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:3683–3687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C. 1980. The 5′ ends of Drosophila heat-shock genes in chromatin are hypersensitive to DNase I. Nature (London) 286:854–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C. 1984. Activating protein factor binds in vitro to upstream control sequences in heat shock gene chromatin. Nature (London) 311:81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaret, K., and K. Yamamoto. 1984. Reversible and persistent changes in chromatin structure accompany activation of a glucocorticoid-dependent enhancer element. Cell 38:29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar