The 5′ Untranslated Sequence of the c-sis/Platelet-Derived Growth Factor 2 Transcript Is a Potent Translational Inhibitor

Literature Cited

• Abraham, J. A., A. Mergia, J. L. Whany, A. Tumolo, J. Friedman, K. A. Hjerrild, D. Gospodarowicz, and J. C. Fiddes. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of a bovine clone encoding the angiogenic protein, basic fibroblast growth factor. Science 233:545-548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, T. B., C. M. Gajdusek, S. M. Schwartz, J. K. McDougall, and E. P. Benditt. 1984. Expression of the sis gene by endothelial cells in culture and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6772-6774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, P. E., Z. Popovic, and W. F. Anderson. 1984. Promoter dependence of enhancer activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1664-1668.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Betsholtz, C., A. Johnsson, C. H. Heldin, B. Westermark, P. Lind, M. S. Vrdea, R. Eddy, T. B. Shows, K. Philpott, A. L. Mellor, T. J. Knott, and J. Scott. 1986. cDNA sequence and chromosomal localization of human platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and its expression in tumor cell lines. Nature (London) 320:695-699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirgwin, J. M., A. E. Przybyla, R. J. MacDonald, and W. J. Rutter. 1979. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry 18:5294-5299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, T., D. Ginsburg, J. M. Boss, S. H. Orkin, and J. S. Pober. 1985. Cultured human endothelial cells express platelet-derived growth factor B chain: cDNA cloning and structural analysis. Nature (London) 316:748-750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derynck, R., J. A. Jarret, E. Y. Chen, D. H. Eaton, J. R. Bell, R. K. Assoian, A. B. Roberts, M. B. Sporn, and D. V. Goeddel. 1985. Human transforming growth factor-β complementary DNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells. Nature (London) 316:701-705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dull, T. J., A. Gray, J. S. Hayflick, and A. Ullrich. 1984. Insulin-like growth factor II precursor gene organization in relation to insulin gene family. Nature (London) 320:777-781.
   Google Scholar
• Eva, A., K. C. Robbins, P. R. Andersen, A. Srinivasan, S. R. Tronick, E. P. Reddy, N. W. Ellmore, A. T. Galen, J. A. Lautenberger, T. S. Papas, E. H. Westin, F. Wong-Staal, R. C. Gallo, and S. A. Aaronson. 1982. Cellular genes analogous to retroviral onc genes are transcribed in human tumor cells. Nature (London) 295:116-119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazit, A., H. Igarashi, I.-M. Chiu, A. Srinivasan, A. Yaniv, S. R. Tronick, K. C. Robbins, and S. A. Aaronson. 1984. Expression of the normal human sis/PDGF-2 coding sequence induces cellular transformation. Cell 39:89-97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gluzman, Y. 1981. SV40-transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants. Cell 23:175-182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal, T. V., T. Shimada, A. W. Baur, and A. W. Nienhuis. 1985. Contribution of promoter to tissue-specific expression of the mouse immunoglobulin kappa gene. Science 229:1102-1104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044-1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goustin, A. S., C. Betsholtz, S. Pfeifer-Ohlsson, H. Persson, J. Rydnert, M. Bywater, G. Holmgren, C. H. Heldin, B. Westermark, and R. Ohlsson. 1985. Coexpression of the sis and myc proto-oncogenes in developing human placenta suggests autocrine control of trophoblast growth. Cell 41:301-312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, F. L., and A. J. van der Eb. 1973. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456-464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, A., T. J. Dull, and A. Ullrich. 1983. Nucleotide sequence of epidermal growth factor cDNA predicts a 128,000 molecular weight protein precursor. Nature (London) 303:722-725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotendorst, G. R. 1984. Alteration of the chemotactic response of NIH 3T3 cells to PDGF by growth factors, transformation, and tumor promoters. Cell 36:279-285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grass, P., R. Dhar, and G. Khoury. 1981. Simian virus 40 tandem repeated sequences as an element of the early promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:943-947.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heldin, C. H., B. Westermark, and A. Wasteson. 1979. Platelet-derived growth factor: purification and partial characterization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:3722-3726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igarashi, H., C. D. Rao, M. Siroff, F. Leal, K. C. Robbins, and S. A. Aaronson. 1987. Detection of PDGF-2 homodimers in human tumor cells. Oncogene 1:79-85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jainchill, J. L., S. A. Aaronson, and G. J. Todaro. 1969. Murine sarcoma and leukemia viruses: assay using clonal line of contact-inhibited mouse cells. J. Virol. 4:549-553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josephs, S. F., L. Ratner, M. F. Clarke, E. H. Westin, M. S. Reitz, and F. Wong-Staal. 1984. Transforming potential of human c-sis nucleotide sequences encoding platelet-derived growth factor. Science 225:636-639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami, T., C. Y. Pennington, and K. C. Robbins. 1986. Isolation and oncogenic potential of a novel human src-like gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4195-4201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1986. Influences of mRNA secondary structure on initiation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2580-2854.
   Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1986. Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell 44:283-292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1986. Bifunctional messenger RNAs in eukaryotes. Cell 47:481-483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., T. A. Firak, C. T. Schroll, and K. N. Subramanian. 1986. Activation of gene expression is adversely affected at high multiplicities of linked simian virus 40 enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3199-3203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal, F., L. T. Williams, K. C. Robbins, and S. A. Aaronson. 1985. Evidence that the v-sis gene product transforms by interaction with the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor. Science 230:327-330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C. C., C. C. Simonsen, and A. D. Levinson. 1984. Initiation of translation at internal AUG codons in mammalian cells. Nature (London) 309:82-85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Martinet, Y., P. B. Bitterman, J.-F. Mornex, G. R. Grotendorst, G. R. Martin, and R. G. Crystal. 1986. Activated human monocytes express the c-sis proto-oncogene and release a mediator showing PDGF-like activity. Nature (London) 319:158-160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxam, A. M., and W. Gilbert. 1977. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072-2076.
   Google Scholar
• McPheeters, D. S., A. Christensen, E. T. Young, G. Stormo, and L. Gold. 1986. Translational regulation of expression of the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:5813-5826.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neumann, E., M. Schaefer-Ridder, Y. Wang, and P. H. Hofschneider. 1982. Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields. EMBO J. 1:841-845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peabody, D. S., and P. Berg. 1986. Termination-reinitiation occurs in the translation of mammalian cell mRNAs. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2695-2703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao, C. D., H. Igarashi, I.-M. Chiu, K. C. Robbins, and S. A. Aaronson. 1986. Structure and sequence of the human c-sis/platelet-derived growth factor 2 (sis/PDGF-2) transcriptional unit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2392-2396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, C. D., H. Igarashi, M. W. Pech, K. C. Robbins, and S. A. Aaronson. 1986. Oncogenic potential of the human platelet-derived growth factor transcriptional unit. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:959-966.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robbins, K. C., H. N. Antoniades, S. G. Devare, M. W. Hunkapiller, and S. A. Aaronson. 1984. Close similarities between the transforming gene product of simian sarcoma virus and human platelet-derived growth factor, p. 35-41. In A. J. Levine, G. F. Vande Woude, W. C. Topp, and J. D. Watson (ed.), Cancer cells. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, R., J. Glomset, B. Kariya, and L. Harker. 1984 A platelet-dependent serum factor that stimulates the proliferation of arterial smooth-muscle cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:1207-1210.
   Google Scholar
• Rosson, D., and E. P. Reddy. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of chicken c-myb complementary DNA and implications for myb oncogene activation. Nature (London) 319:604-606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanger, T., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463-5467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher, C. D., R. C. Shepard, H. N. Antoniades, and C. D. Stiles. 1979. Platelet-derived growth factor and the regulation of the mammalian fibroblast cell cycle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 560:217-241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt, R., L. W. Stanton, K. B. Marcu, R. C. Gallo, C. M. Croce, and G. Rovera. 1983. Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA of human c-myc oncogene. Nature (London) 303:725-728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigler, M., S. Silverstein, L.-S. Lee, A. Pellicer, Y.-C. Cheng, and R. Axel. 1977. Transfer of purified herpes virus thymidine kinase gene to cultured mouse cells. Cell 11:223-232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, E., F. Yamamoto, C. Alntoguera, and M. Perucho. 1985. A method to detect and characterize point mutations in transcribed genes: amplification and overexpression of the mutant c-Ki-ras allele in human tumor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7575-7579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuker, M., and P. Stiegler. 1981. Optimal computer folding of large RNA sequences using thermodynamics and auxiliary information. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:133-148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar