14
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Muscle Creatine Kinase Gene Is Regulated by Multiple Upstream Elements, Including a Muscle-Specific Enhancer

, , , &
Pages 62-70 | Received 12 Jun 1987, Accepted 24 Sep 1987, Published online: 31 Mar 2023

Literature Cited

  • Banerji, J., L. Olson, and W. Schaffner. 1983. A lymphocytespecific cellular enhancer is located downstream of the joining region in immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Cell 33:729-740.
  • Banerji, J., S. Rusconi, and W. Schaffner. 1981. Expression of a β-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences. Cell 27:299-308.
  • Bergsma, D. J., J. M. Grichnik, L. M. A. Gossett, and R. J. Schwartz. 1986. Delimitation and characterization of cis-acting DNA sequences required for the regulated expression and transcriptional control of the chicken skeletal α-actin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2462-2475.
  • Borrelli, E., R. Hen, and P. Chambon. 1984. Adenovirus-2 E1A products repress enhancer-induced stimulation of transcription. Nature (London) 312:608-613.
  • Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248-254.
  • Buckingham, M. E. 1977. Muscle protein synthesis and its control during the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Int. Rev. Biochem. 15:269-332.
  • Caravatti, M., A. Minty, B. Robert, D. Montarras, A. Weydert, A. Cohen, P. Daubas, and M. Buckingham. 1982. The accumulation of messenger RNAs coding for muscle-specific proteins during myogenesis in a mouse cell line. J. Mol. Biol. 160:59-76.
  • Chamberlain, J. S., J. B. Jaynes, and S. D. Hauschka. 1985. Regulation of creatine kinase induction in differentiating mouse myoblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:484-492.
  • Chirgwin, J. M., A. E. Przybyla, R. J. MacDonald, and W. J. Rutter. 1979. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry 18:5294-5299.
  • Chu, G., and P. A. Sharp. 1981. SV40 DNA transfection of cells in suspension: analysis of the efficiency of transcription and translation of T-antigen. Gene 13:197-202.
  • Church, G. M., A. Ephrussi, W. Gilbert, and S. Tonegawa. 1985. Cell-type-specific contacts to immunoglobulin enhancers in nuclei. Nature (London) 313:798-801.
  • Clegg, C. H., and S. D. Hauschka. 1987. Heterokaryon analysis of muscle differentiation: regulation of the postmitotic state. J. Cell Biol. 105:937-947.
  • Clegg, C. H., T. A. Linkhart, B. B. Olwin, and S. D. Hauschka. 1987. Growth factor control of skeletal muscle differentiation: commitment to terminal differentiation occurs in G1 phase and is repressed by fibroblast growth factor. J. Cell Biol. 105:949-956.
  • Davidson, L., C. Fromental, P. Augereau, A. Wildeman, M. Zenke, and P. Chambon. 1986. Cell-type specific protein binding to the enhancer of simian virus 40 in nuclear extracts. Nature (London) 323:544-548.
  • Devlin, R. B., and C. P. Emerson, Jr. 1979. Coordinate accumulation of contractile protein mRNAs during myoblast differentiation. Dev. Biol. 69:202-216.
  • Emorine, L., M. Kudhl, L. Wéir, P. Leder, and E. E. Max. 1983. A conserved sequence in the immunoglobulin JK-CK intron: possible enhancer element. Nature (London) 304:447-449.
  • Ephrussi, A., G. M. Church, S. Tonegawa, and W. Gilbert. 1985. B lineage-specific interactions of an immunoglobulin enhancer with cellular factors in vivo. Science 227:134-140.
  • Gillies, S. D., V. Folsom, and S. Tonegawa. 1984. Cell typespecific enhancer element associated with a mouse MHC gene, Eβ. Nature (London) 310:594-597.
  • Gillies, S. D., S. L. Morrison, V. T. Oi, and S. Tonegawa. 1983. A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Cell 33:717-728.
  • Gimble, J. M., D. Levens, and E. E. Max. 1987. B-cell nuclear proteins binding in vitro to the human immunoglobulin κ enhancer: localization by exonuclease protection. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1815-1822.
  • Gorman, C. M., G. T. Merlino, M. C. Willingham, I. Pastan, and B. H. Howard. 1982. The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6777-6781.
  • Gorman, C. M., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044-1051.
  • Grichnik, J. M., B. J. Bergsma, and R. J. Schwartz. 1986. Tissue restricted and stage-specific transcription is maintained within 411 nucleotides flanking the 5′ end of the chicken α-skeletal actin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1683-1701.
  • Grosschedl, R., and D. Baltimore. 1985. Cell-type specificity of immunoglobulin gene expression is regulated by at least three DNA sequence elements. Cell 41:885-897.
  • Hammer, R. E., R. Krumlauf, S. A. Camper, R. L. Brinster, and S. M. Tilghman. 1987. Diversity of alpha-fetoprotein gene expression in mice is generated by a combination of separate enhancer elements. Science 235:53-58.
  • Hammer, R. E., G. H. Swift, D. M. Ornitz, C. J. Quaife, R. D. Palmiter, R. L. Brinster, and R. J. MacDonald. 1987. The rat elastase I regulatory element is an enhancer that directs correct cell specificity and developmental onset of expression in transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2956-2967.
  • Hanahan, D. 1983. Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J. Mol. Biol. 166:557-580.
  • Herbomel, P., B. Bourachot, and M. Yaniv. 1984. Two distinct enhancers with different cell specificities coexist in the regulatory region of polyoma. Cell 39:653-662.
  • Herr, W., and J. Clarke. 1986. The SV40 enhancer is composed of multiple functional elements that can compensate for one another. Cell 45:461-470.
  • Imperiale, M. J., L. T. Feldman, and J. R. Nevins. 1983. Activation of gene expression by adenovirus and herpesvirus regulatory genes acting in trans and by a cis-acting adenovirus enhancer element. Cell 35:127-136.
  • Jaynes, J. B., J. S. Chamberlain, J. N. Buskin, J. E. Johnson, and S. D. Hauschka. 1986. Transcriptional regulation of the muscle creatine kinase gene and regulated expression in transfected mouse myoblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2855-2864.
  • Kadesch, T., and P. Berg. 1986. Effects of the position of the simian virus 40 enhancer on expression of multiple transcription units in a single plasmid. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2593-2601.
  • Karin, M., A. Haslinger, A. Heguy, T. Dietlin, and T. Cooke. 1987. Metal-responsive elements act as positive modulators of human metallothionein-IIA enhancer activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:606-613.
  • Karin, M., A. Haslinger, H. Holtgreve, G. Cathala, E. Slater, and J. D. Baxter. 1984. Activation of a heterologous promoter in response to dexamethasone and cadmium by metallothionein gene 5′-flanking DNA. Cell 36:371-379.
  • Klarsfeld, A., P. Daubas, B. Bourachot, and J. P. Changeux. 1987. A 5′-flanking region of the chicken acetylcholine receptor a-subunit gene confers tissue specificity and developmental control of expression in transfected cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:951-955.
  • Konieczny, S. F., and C. P. Emerson, Jr. 1985. Differentiation, not determination, regulates muscle gene activation: transfection of troponin I genes into multipotential and muscle lineages of 10T1/2 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2423-2432.
  • Konieczny, S. F., and C. P. Emerson, Jr. 1987. Complex regulation of the muscle-specific contractile protein (troponin I) gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3065-3075.
  • Laimins, L. A., G. Khoury, C. Gorman, B. Howard, and P. Gruss. 1982. Host-specific activation of transcription by tandem repeats from simian virus 40 and Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6453-6457.
  • Lassar, A. B., B. M. Paterson, and H. Weintraub. 1986. Transfection of a DNA locus that mediates the conversion of 10T1/2 fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell 47:649-656.
  • Lee, W., A. Haslinger, M. Karin, and R. Tjian. 1987. Activation of transcription by two factors that bind promoter and enhancer sequences of the human metallothionein gene and SV40. Nature (London) 325:368-372.
  • Linkhart, T. A., C. H. Clegg, and S. D. Hauschka. 1980. Control of mouse myoblast commitment to terminal differentiation by mitogens. J. Supramol. Struct. 14:483-498.
  • Linkhart, T. A., C. H. Clegg, and S. D. Hauschka. 1981. Myogenic differentiation in permanent clonal mouse myoblast cell lines: regulation by macromolecular growth factors in the culture medium. Dev. Biol. 86:19-30.
  • Medford, R. M., H. T. Nguyen, and B. Nadal-Ginard. 1983. Transcriptional and cell cycle-mediated regulation of myosin heavy chain gene expression during muscle cell differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 258:11063-11073.
  • Melloul, D., B. Aloni, J. Calvo, D. Yaffe, and U. Nudel. 1984. Developmentally regulated expression of chimeric genes containing muscle actin DNA sequences in transfected myogenic cells. EMBO J. 3:983-990.
  • Merrill, G. F., S. D. Hauschka, and S. L. McKnight. 1984. tk enzyme expression in differentiating muscle cells is regulated through an internal segment of the cellular tk gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1777-1784.
  • Messing, J., and J. Vieira. 1982. A new pair of M13 vectors for selecting either DNA strand of double-digest restriction fragments. Gene 19:269-276.
  • Miksicek, R., A. Heber, W. Schmid, U. Danesch, G. Posseckert, M. Beato, and G. Schutz. 1986. Glucocorticoid responsiveness of the transcriptional enhancer of Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Cell 46:283-290.
  • Minty, A., H. Blau, and L. Kedes. 1986. Two-level regulation of cardiac actin gene transcription: muscle-specific modulating factors can accumulate before gene activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2137-2148.
  • Minty, A., and L. Kedes. 1986. Upstream regions of the human cardiac actin gene that modulate its transcription in muscle cells: presence of an evolutionarily conserved repeated motif. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2125-2136.
  • Nadal-Ginard, B. 1978. Commitment, fusion, and biochemical differentiation of a myogenic cell line in the absence of DNA synthesis. Cell 15:855-864.
  • Nudel, U., D. Greenberg, C. P. Ordahl, O. Saxel, S. Neuman, and D. Yaffe. 1985. Developmentally regulated expression of a chicken muscle-specific gene in stably transfected rat myogenic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3106-3109.
  • Ohlsson, H., and T. Edlund. 1986. Sequence-specific interactions of nuclear factors with the insulin gene enhancer. Cell 45:35-44.
  • Orntiz, D. M., R. D. Palmiter, R. E. Hammer, R. L. Brinster, G. H. Swift, and R. J. MacDonald. 1985. Specific expression of an elastase-human growth hormone fusion gene in pancreatic acinar cells of transgenic mice. Nature (London) 313:600-603.
  • Osborne, T. F., D. N. Arvidson, E. S. Tyau, M. Dunsworth-Browne, and A. J. Berk. 1984. Transcription control region within the protein-coding portion of adenovirus E1A genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1293-1305.
  • Payvar, F., D. DeFranco, G. L. Firestone, B. Edgar, O. Wrange, S. Okret, J. Gustafsson, and K. R. Yamamoto. 1983. Sequencespecific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MTV DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region. Cell 35:381-392.
  • Picard, D., and W. Schaffner. 1984. A lymphocyte-specific enhancer in the mouse immunoglobulin ; gene. Nature (London) 307:80-82.
  • Plon, S. E., and J. C. Wang. 1986. Transcription of the human β-globin gene is stimulated by an SV40 enhancer to which it is physically linked but topologically uncoupled. Cell 45:575-580.
  • Ptashne, M. 1986. Gene regulation by proteins acting nearby arid at a distance. Nature (London) 322:697-701.
  • Robbins, P. D., D. C. Rio, and M. R. Botchan. 1986. trans-Activation of the simian virus 40 enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1283-1295.
  • Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463-5467.
  • Sassone-Corsi, P., and I. M. Verma. 1987. Modulation of c-fos gene transcription by negative and positive cellular factors. Nature (London) 326:507-510.
  • Schafer, D. A., J. B. Miller, and F. E. Stockdale. 1987. Cell diversification within the myogenic lineage: in vitro generation of two types of myoblasts from a single myogenic progenitor cell. Cell 48:659-670.
  • Seed, J., and S. D. Hauschka. 1984. Temporal separation of the migration of distinct myogenic precursor populations into the developing chick wing. Dev. Biol. 106:389-393.
  • Seiler-Tuyns, A., J. D. Eldridge, and B. M. Paterson. 1984. Expression and regulation of chicken actin genes introduced into mouse myogenic and nonmyogenic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:2980-2984.
  • Serfling, E., M. Jasin, and W. Schaffner. 1985. Enhancers and eucaryotic gene transcription. Trends Genet. 1:224-230.
  • Shani, M., D. Zevin-Sonkin, O. Saxel, Y. Carmon, D. Katcoff, U. Nudel, and D. Yaffe. 1981. The correlation between the synthesis of skeletal muscle actin, myosin heavy chain, and myosin light chain and the accumulation of corresponding mRNA sequences during myogenesis. Dev. Biol. 86:483-492.
  • Speck, N. A., and D. Baltimore. 1987. Six distinct nuclear factors interact with the 75-base-pair repeat of the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1101-1110.
  • Stuart, G. W., P. F. Searle, H. Y. Chen, R. L. Brinster, and R. D. Palmiter. 1984. A 12-base-pair motif that is repeated several times in metallothionein gene promoters confers metal regulation to a heterologous gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7318-7322.
  • Swift, G. H., R. E. Hammer, R. J. MacDonald, and R. L. Brinster. 1984. Tissue-specific expression of the rat pancreatic elastase I gene in transgenic mice. Cell 38:639-646.
  • Takahashi, K., M. Vigneron, H. Matthes, A. Wildeman, M. Zenke, and P. Chambon. 1986. Requirement of stereospecific alignments for initiation from the simian virus 40 early promoter. Nature (London) 319:121-126.
  • Taylor, S. M., and P. A. Jones. 1979. Multiple new phenotypes induced in 10T1/2 and 3T3 cells treated with 5-azacytidine. Cell 17:771-779.
  • Treisman, R. 1985. Transient accumulation of c-fos RNA following serum stimulation requires a conserved 5′ element and c-fos 3′ sequences. Cell 42:889-902.
  • Tyndall, C., G. L. Mantia, C. M. Thacker, J. Favaloro, and R. Kamen. 1981. A region of the polyoma virus genome between the replication origin and late protein coding sequences is required in cis for both early gene expression and viral DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:6231-6250.
  • Wang, X., and K. Calame. 1986. SV40 enhancer-binding factors are required at the establishment but not the maintenance step of enhancer-dependent transcriptional activation. Cell 47:241-247.
  • Wasylyk, B., C. Wasylyk, P. Augereau, and P. Chambon. 1983. The SV40 72 bp repeat preferentially potentiates transcription starting from proximal natural or substitute promoter elements. Cell 32:503-514.
  • Wasylyk, C., and B. Wasylyk. 1986. The immunoglobulin heavychain B-lymphocyte enhancer efficiently stimulates transcription in non-lymphoid cells. EMBO J. 5:553-560.
  • Weiher, H., M. Konig, and P. Gruss. 1983. Multiple point mutations affecting the simian virus 40 enhancer. Science 219:626-631.
  • Wildeman, A. G., M. Zenke, C. Schatz, M. Wintzerith, T. Grundstrom, H. Matthes, K. Takahashi, and P. Chambon. 1986. Specific protein binding to the simian virus 40 enhancer in vitro. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2098-2105.
  • Zenke, M., T. Grundstrom, H. Matthes, M. Wintzerith, C. Schatz, A. Wildeman, and P. Chambon. 1986. Multiple sequence motifs are involved in SV40 enhancer function. EMBO J. 5:387-397.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.