Location and Characterization of Two Widely Separated Glucocorticoid Response Elements in the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene

Literature Cited

• Beale, E., N. Chrapkiewicz, H. Scoble, R. Metz, D. Quick, R. Noble, J. Donelson, K. Bieman, and D. Granner. 1985. Rat hepatic cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP). Structures of the protein, messenger RNA, and gene. J. Biol. Chem. 260:10748-10760.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beale, E., J. Hartley, and D. Granner. 1982. N6,O2-dibutyryl cyclic AMP and glucose regulate the amount of mRNA coding for hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (GTP). J. Biol. Chem. 257:2022-2028.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birnboim, H., and J. Doly. 1979. A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 7:1513-1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, V. L., B. A. Maler, and K. R. Yamamoto. 1983. DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo. Cell 33:489-499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirgwin, J., A. Przybyla, R. McDonald, and W. Rutter. 1979. Isolation of biologically active RNA from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry 18:5294-5299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, G., and P. Sharp. 1981. SV40 DNA transfection of cells in suspension: analysis of the effeciency of transcription and translation of T-antigen. Gene 13:197-202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danesch, U., B. Gloss, W. Schmid, G. Schutz, R. Schule, and R. Renkawitz. 1987. Glucocorticoid induction of the rat tryptophan oxygenase gene is mediated by two widely separated glucocorticoid responsive elements. EMBO J. 6:625-630.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Franco, D., and K. R. Yamamoto. 1986. Two different factors act separately or together to specify functionally distinct activities at a single transcriptional enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:993-1001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetly- transferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044-1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindan, M., E. Spiess, and J. Majors. 1982. Purified glucocorticoid receptor-hormone complex from rat liver cytosol binds specifically to cloned mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeats in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5157-5161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Granner, D., T. Andreone, K. Sasaki, and E. Beale. 1983. Inhibition of transcription of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene by insulin. Nature (London) 305:549-551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granner, D., and E. Beale. 1985. Regulation of the synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by glucocorticoid hormones, p. 89-138. In G. Litwack (ed.), Biochemical actions of hormones, vol. XII. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Hanahan, D. 1983. Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J. Mol. Biol. 166:557-580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslinger, A., and M. Karin. 1985. Upstream promoter element of the human metallothionein IIa gene can act like an enhancer element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8572-8576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hearing, P., and T. Shenk. 1983. The adenovirus type 5 E1A transcriptional control region contains a duplicated enhancer element. Cell 33:695-703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr, W., and J. Clarke. 1986. The SV40 enhancer is composed of multiple functional elements that can compensate for one another. Cell 45:461-470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, C., S. Nordeen, K. Vogt, and M. Edgell. 1986. A complete set of point substitution mutations in the glucocorticoid response element of mouse mammary tumor virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:710-714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jantzen, H. M., U. Strahle, B. Gloss, F. Stewart, W. Schmid, M. Shart, R. Miksicek, and G. Schutz. 1987. Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Cell 49:29-38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin, M., A. Haslinger, A. Holtgreve, G. Cathala, E. Slater, and J. D. Baxter. 1984. Activation of a heterologous promoter in response to cadmium and dexamethasone by metallothionein IIa gene 5′ flanking DNA. Cell 36:371-379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karin, M., A. Haslinger, H. Holtgrove, R. Richards, P. Krauter, H. Westphal, and M. Beato. 1984. Characterization of DNA sequences through which cadmium and glucocorticoid hormones induce human metallothionein IIa gene. Nature (London) 308:513-519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, E., R. Reinke, P. Feigelson, and G. Ringold. 1987. Glucocorticoid regulated expression from the 5′ flanking region of the rat α1-acid glycoprotein gene. J. Biol. Chem. 262:520-523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuhnel, B., E. Buetti, and H. Diggelmann. 1986. Functional analysis of the glucocorticoid regulatory elements present in the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. J. Mol. Biol. 190:367-389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, F., R. Muligan, P. Berg, and G. Ringold. 1981. Glucocorticoids regulate expression of dihydrofolate reductase cDNA in mouse mammary tumor virus chimeric plasmids. Nature (London) 294:228-232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loose, D. S., A. Wynshaw-Boris, H. M. Meisner, V. Hod, and R. W. Hanson. 1985. Hormonal regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase gene expression, p. 347-368. In M. Czech (ed.), Molecular basis of insulin action. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Magnuson, M., P. Quinn, and D. Granner. 1987. Multihormonal regulation of PEPCK-CAT fusion genes: insulin’s effects oppose those of cAMP and dexamethosone. J. Biol. Chem. 262:14917-14920.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Maxam, A., and W. Gilbert. 1980. Sequencing end-labelled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 65:499-560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKnight, G., and R. Palmiter. 1979. Transcriptional regulation of the ovalbumin and conalbumin genes by steroid hormones in the chick oviduct. J. Biol. Chem. 254:9050-9058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton, D., P. Krieg, M. Rebagliati, T. Maniatis, V. Zinn, and M. Green. 1984. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and DNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:7035-7056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miksicek, R., A. Heber, W. Schmid, U. Danesch, G. Posseckert, M. Beato, and G. Schutz. 1986. Glucocorticoid responsiveness of the transcriptional enhancer of Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Cell 46:283-290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakamura, T., S. Niimi, K. Nawa, C. Nodo, Y. Ichiara, M. Anai, and Y. Sasaki. 1987. Multihormonal regulation of transcription of the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase gene in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes with special reference to the presence of a transcriptional protein mediating the action of glucocorticoids. J. Biol. Chem. 262:727-733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payvar, F., D. DeFranco, G. Firestone, O. Edgar, S. Okret, J. A. Gustafsson, and K. Yamamoto. 1983. Sequence specific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MMTV DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region. Cell 35:381-392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptashne, M. 1986. Gene regulation by proteins acting nearby and at a distance. Nature (London) 322:697-701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, R., W. Bauer, and J. Vinograd. 1967. A dye-buoyant- density method for the detection and isolation of closed circular duplex DNA: the closed circular DNA of HeLa cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57:1514-1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renkawitz, R., G. Schutz, D. von der Ahe, and M. Beato. 1984. Sequences in the promoter region of the chicken lysozyme gene required for steroid regulation and receptor binding. Cell 37:503-510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringold, G. 1985. Steroid hormone regulation of gene expression. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 25:529-566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki, K., T. Cripe, S. Koch, T. Andreone, D. Petersen, E. Beale, and D. Granner. 1984. Multihormonal regulation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene; the dominant role of insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 259:15242-15251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheideriet, P., D. Krauter, D. von der Ahe, O. Janich, G. Cato, A. Rabenau, H. Suske, H. Westphal, and M. Beato. 1986. Mechanism of gene regulation by steroid hormones. J. Steroid Biochem. 24:19-24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schöler, H., A. Haslinger, A. Heguy, H. Holtgreve, and M. Karin. 1986. In vivo competition between a metallothionein regulatory element and the SV40 enhancer. Science 232:76-80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serfling, E., M. Jasin, and W. Schaffner. 1985. Enhancers and eucaryotic gene transcription. Trends Genet. 1:224-230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, J., A. Wynshaw-Boris, H. Short, and R. Hanson. 1986. Characterization of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter-regulatory region. J. Biol. Chem. 261:9721-9726.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slater, E. P., O. Rabenau, M. Karin, J. D. Baxter, and M. Beato. 1985. Glucocorticoid receptor binding and activation of a heterologous promoter by dexamethasone by the first intron of the human growth hormone gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2984-2992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynshaw-Boris, A., J. Short, D. Loose, and R. Hanson. 1986. Characterization of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter-regulatory region. J. Biol. Chem. 261:9714-9720.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto, K. R. 1985. Steroid receptor regulated transcription of specific genes and gene networks. Annu. Rev. Genet. 19:209-252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinn, K., and T. Maniatis. 1983. Identification of two distinct regions adjacent to the human γ-interferon gene. Cell 34:865-879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar