A Direct Role for C/EBP and the AP-I-Binding Site in Gene Expression Linked to Adipocyte Differentiation

LITERATURE CITED

• Angel, P., M. Imagawa, R. Chiu, B. Stein, R. J. Imbra, H. J. Rahmsdorf, C. Jonat, P. Herrlich, and M. Karin. 1987. Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor. Cell 49:729–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bemlohr, D. A., C. W. Angus, M. D. Lane, M. A. Bolanowski, and T. J. Kelly, Jr.. 1984. Expression of specific mRNA during adipose differentiation: identification of an mRNA encoding a homologue of myelin P2 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5468–5472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernlohr, D. A., M. A. Bolanowski, T. J. Kelly, Jr., and M. D. Lane. 1985. Evidence for an increase in transcription of specific mRNAs during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 260:5563–5567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner, M., and M. Karin. 1987. A pituitary-specific transacting factor can stimulate transcription from the growth hormone promoter in extracts of non-expressing cells. Cell 50:267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohmann, D., T. J. Bos, A. Admon, J. Nishimura, P. K. Vogt, and R. Tjian. 1987. Human proto-oncogene c-jun encodes a DNA binding protein with structural and functional properties of transcription factor AP-1. Science 238:1386–1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, J. F., and S. R. Farmer. 1983. Regulation of tubulin and actin mRNA production in rat brain: expression of a new beta-tubulin mRNA with development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:1333–1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Z., E. A. Barron, A. Carrillo, and Z. D. Sharp. 1987. Reconstitution of cell-type-specific transcription of the rat prolactin gene in vitro. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3402–3408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, A. B., D. M. Knight, B. S. Dieckmann, and G. M. Ringold. 1984. Analysis of gene expression during differentiation of adipogenic cells in culture and hormonal control of the developmental program. J. Biol. Chem. 259:15548–15555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, J. S., J. J. Lucas, E. Sibley, M. A. Bolanowski, R. J. Christy, T. J. Kelly, and M. D. Lane. 1988. Expression of the differentiation induced gene for fatty acid binding protein is activated by glucocorticoid and cAMP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2949–2953.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook, K. S., C. R. Hunt, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1985. Developmentally regulated mRNA in 3T3-adipocytes: analysis of transcriptional control. J. Cell Biol. 100:514–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, R. H., D. R. Grayson, K. G. Xanthopoulos, and J. E. Darnell, Jr.. 1988. A liver-specific DNA-binding protein recognizes multiple nucleotide sites in regulatory regions of transthyretin, alpha-anti-trypsin, albumin, and simian virus 40 genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3840–3844.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa, R. H., E. Lai, D. R. Grayson, and J. E. Darnell, Jr.. 1988. The cell-specific enhancer of the mouse transthyretin gene binds a common factor at one site and a liver-specific factor(s) at two other sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:81–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curran, T., and R. B. Franza. 1988. Fos and jun: the AP-1 connection. Cell 55:395–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, T., J. H. Xiao, P. Rosales, A. Staub, and P. Chambon. 1988. The HeLa cell protein TEF-1 binds specifically and cooperatively to two SV40 enhancer motifs of unrelated sequence. Cell 54:931–942.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deutsch, P. J., J. P. Hoefiler, J. L. Jameson, and J. F. Hafner. 1988. Cyclic AMP and phobol ester-stimulated transcription mediated by similar DNA elements that bind distinct proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7922–7926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distel, R., H. S. Ro, B. S. Rosen, D. Groves, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1987. Nucleoprotein complexes that regulate gene expression in adipocyte differentiation: direct participation of c-fos. Cell 49:835–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djian, P., M. Phillips, and H. Green. 1985. The activation of specific gene transcription in adipose conversion of 3T3 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 124:554–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franza, B. R., F. J. Rauscher, S. F. Josephs, and T. Curran. 1988. The fos complex and fos-related antigens recognize sequence elements that contain AP-1 binding sites. Science 239:1150–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galas, D. J., and A. Schimitz. 1977. DNase footprinting: a simple method for the detection of protein-DNA binding specificity. Nucleic Acids Res. 5:3157–3170.
   Google Scholar
• Gehring, W. J.. 1987. Homeoboxes in the study of development. Science 236:1245–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorski, K., M. Carneiro, and U. Schibler. 1986. Tissue-specific in vitro transcription from the mouse albumin promoter. Cell 47:767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayson, D. R., R. H. Costa, K. G. Xanthopoulos, and J. E. Darnell, Jr.. 1988. One factor recognizes the liver-specific enhancers in alpha-anti-trypsin and transthyretin genes. Science 239:786–788.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, H.. 1979. Adipose conversion: a program of differentiation, p. 15–25. In G. Ailhaud (ed.), Obesity, cellular and molecular aspects. Editions INSERM, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, G. L., P. Gilna, M. Waterfield, A. Baker, and J. Shine. 1986. Sequence and expression of human receptor complementary DNA. Science. 231:1150–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halazometis, T. D., K. Georgopoulos, M. Greenberg, and P. Leder. 1988. c-jun dimerizes with itself and with c-fos, forming complex of different DNA binding affinities. Cell 55:917–924.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herbast, R. S., N. Friedman, J. E. Darnell, Jr., and L. E. Bobiss. 1989. Positive and negative regulatory elements in the mouse albumin enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1553–1557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunt, C., J. Ro, H. Min, D. E. Dobson, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1986. Adipocyte P2 gene: developmental expression and homology of 5′-flanking sequences among fat cell-specific genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3786–3790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imagawa, M., R. Chiu, and M. Karin. 1988. Transcription factor AP-2 mediates induction by two different signal transduction pathways: protein kinase C and cAMP. Cell 54:251–260.
   Google Scholar
• Kawai, S., and M. Nishizawa. 1984. New procedure for DNA transcription with polycation and dimethyl sulfoxide. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1172–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landschulz, W. H., P. F. Johnson, E. Y. Adashi, B. J. Graves, and S. L. McKnight. 1988. Isolation of a recombinant copy of the gene encoding C/EBP. Genes Dev. 2:786–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landschulz, W. H., P. F. Johnson, and S. L. McKnight. 1989. The DNA binding domain of the rat liver nuclear protein C/EBP in bipartite. Science 243:1681–1688.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, W., P. Mitchell, and R. Tjian. 1987. Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements. Cell 49:741–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniatis, T., S. Goodbourn, and J. A. Fischer. 1987. Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression. Science 236:1237–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxam, A. M., and W. Gilbert. 1977. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:560–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakabeppu, Y., K. Ryder, and D. Nathans. 1988. DNA binding activities of three murine jun proteins: stimulation by fos. Cell 55:907–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntambi, J. M., S. A. Buhrow, K. H. Kaestner, R. J. Christy, E. Sibley, T. Kelly, Jr., and M. D. Lane. 1988. Differentiation- induced gene expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 263:17297–17300.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeifer, K., T. Pregant, and L. Guarante. 1987. Yeast HAP1 activator binds to two upstream activation sites of different sequence. Cell 49:19–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips, M., P. Djian, and H. Green. 1986. The nucleotide sequence of three genes participating in the adipose differentiation of 3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261:10821–10827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauscher, F. J., D. R. Cohen, T. Curran, T. J. Bos, P. K. Vogt, D. Bohmann, R. Tjian, and B. R. Franza. 1988. Fos-associated p39 is the product of the jun proto-oncogene. Science 240:1010–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauscher, F. J., III, L. C. Sambucetti, T. Curran, R. J. Distel, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1988. Common DNA binding site for fos protein complexes and transcription factor AP-1. Cell 52:471–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauscher, F. J., P. J. Youlalas, B. R. Franza, and T. Curran. 1988. Fos and jun bind cooperatively to the AP-1 site reconstitution in vitro. Genes Dev. 2:1687–1699.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463–5467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelman, B. M.. 1988. Regulation of gene expression in the adipocyte: implications for obesity and proto-oncogene function. Trends Genet. 4:203–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spiegelman, B. M., M. Frank, and H. Green. 1983. Molecular cloning of mRNA from 3T3-adipocytes. Regulation of mRNA content for glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and other differentiation-dependent proteins during adipocyte development. J. Biol. Chem. 258:10083–10089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohman, R. C., P. S. Moss, J. Micou-Eastwood, D. Spector, A. Przybyla, and B. Paterson. 1977. Messenger RNA for myosin polypeptides: isolation from single myogenic cell cultures. Cell. 10:265–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, P. K.. 1974. DEAE-dextran: enhancement of cellular transformation induced by avian sarcoma viruses. Virology 33:175–177.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, M., T. Edlund, A. M. Boulet, and W. J. Rutter. 1983. Cell-specific expression controlled by the 5′-flanking region of insulin and chymotrypsin genes. Nature (London) 306:557–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthopoulos, K. G., J. Mirkowitch, T. Decker, C. F. Kuo, and J. E. Darnell, Jr.. 1989. Cell-specific transcriptional control of the mouse DNA-binding protein mC/EBP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4117–4121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, V. W., R. J. Christy, J. S. Cook, T. J. Kelly, and M. D. Lane. 1989. Mechanism of regulation of the 422 (aP2) gene by cAMP during preadipocyte differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3629–3633.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar