An Embryonic Enhancer Determines the Temporal Activation of a Sea Urchin Late H1 Gene

LITERATURE CITED

• Barberis, A., G. Superti-Furga, and M. Busslinger. 1987. Mutually exclusive interaction of the CCAAT-binding factor and of a displacement protein with overlapping sequences of a histone gene promoter. Cell 50:347–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggin, M. D., and R. Tjian. 1988. Transcription factors that activate the ultrabithorax promoter in developmentally staged extracts. Cell 53:699–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calzone, F. J., N. Theze, P. Thiebaud, R. J. Hill, R. J. Britten, and E. H. Davidson. 1988. Developmental appearance of factors that bind specifically to cis-regulatory sequences of a gene expressed in the sea urchin embryo. Genes Dev. 2:1074–1088.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carey, M. F., S. P. Gerrard, and N. R. Cozzarelli. 1986. Analysis of RNA polymerase III transcription complexes by gel filtration. J. Biol. Chem. 261:4309–4317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Childs, G., R. Maxson, and L. H. Kedes. 1979. Histone gene expression during sea urchin embryogenesis: isolation and characterization of early and late messenger RNAs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus by gene-specific hybridization and template activity. Dev. Biol. 73:153–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Childs, G., C. Nocente-McGrath, T. Lieber, C. Holt, and J. Knowles. 1982. Sea urchin (L. pictus) late stage H3 and H4 genes: characterization and mapping of a clustered but non- tandemly linked multigene family. Cell 31:383–393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colin, A. M.. 1986. Rapid repetitive microinjection. Methods Cell Biol. 27:395–406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colin, A. M., T. L. Catlin, S. H. Kidson, and R. Maxson. 1988. Closely linked early and late H2b histone genes are differentially expressed after microinjection into sea urchin zygotes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:507–510.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dale, R. M. K., B. A. McClure, and J. P. Houchins. 1985. A rapid single-stranded cloning strategy for producing a sequential series of overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing: application to sequencing the corn mitochondrial 18 S rDNA. Plasmid 13:31–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, E. H.. 1986. Gene activity in early development, 3rd ed. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Fla.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, E. H., C. N. Flytzanis, J. J. Lee, S. J. Rose, and H. M. Sucov. 1985. Lineage-specific gene expression in the sea urchin embryo. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:321–328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flytzanis, C. N., B. R. Brandhorst, R. J. Britten, and E. H. Davidson. 1982. Developmental patterns of cytoplasmic transcript prevalence in sea urchin embryos. Dev. Biol. 91:27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flytzanis, C. N., R. J. Britten, and E. H. Davidson. 1987. Ontogenic activation of a fusion gene introduced into sea urchin eggs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:151–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flytzanis, C. N., A. P. McMahon, B. R. Hough-Evans, K. S. Katula, R. J. Britten, and E. H. Davidson. 1985. Persistence and integration of cloned DNA in postembryonic sea urchins. Dev. Biol. 108:431–442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fried, M., and D. M. Crothers. 1981. Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:6505–6525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galas, D., and A. Schmitz. 1978. DNAse I footprinting: a simple method for the detection of protein-DNA specificity. Nucleic Acids Res. 5:3157–3170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, M. M., and A. Rezvin. 1981. A gel electrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to components of the Escherichia coli lactose operon regulatory system. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:3047–3060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heberlein, U., and R. Tjian. 1988. Temporal pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase gene transcription reproduced by Drosophila stage-specific embryonic extracts. Nature (London) 331:410–415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hieter, P. A., M. Hendricks, K. Hemminki, and E. S. Weinberg. 1979. Histone gene switch in the sea urchin embryo: identification of late embryonic histone mRNAs and the controls of their synthesis. Biochemistry 18:2707–2715.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hough-Evans, B. R., R. R. Franks, R. A. Cameron, R. J. Britten, and E. H. Davidson. 1987. Correct cell-type-specific expression of a fusion gene injected into sea urchin eggs. Dev. Biol. 121:576–579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imperiale, M. J., R. P. Hart, and J. R. Nevins. 1985. An enhancer-like element in the adenovirus E2 promoter contains sequences essential for uninduced and E1A-induced transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:381–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, M., J. Bell, G. Lyon, and R. Maxson. 1988. Synthesis and turnover of late H2B histone mRNA in developing embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Dev. Biol. 129:147–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson, S. P., and R. Tjian. 1988. O-glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors: implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. Cell 55:125–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katula, K. S., B. R. Hough-Evans, R. J. Britten, and E. Davidson. 1987. Ontogenic expression of a CyI actin fusion gene injected into sea urchin eggs. Development 101:437–447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemler, L., and M. Busslinger. 1986. Characterization of two nonallelic pairs of late histone H2A and H2B genes of the sea urchin: differential regulation in the embryo and tissue-specific expression in the adult. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:3746–3756.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khoury, G., and P. Gruss. 1983. Enhancer elements. Cell 33:313–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, J. A., and G. Childs. 1984. Temporal expression of late histone messenger RNA in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:2411–2415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knowles, J. A., and G. Childs. 1986. Comparison of the late Hl histone genes of the sea urchins Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:8121–8133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knowles, J. A., Z.-C. Lai, and G. J. Childs. 1987. Isolation, characterization, and expression of the gene encoding late histone subtype H1-gamma of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:478–485.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krieg, P. A., and D. A. Melton. 1987. An enhancer responsible for activating transcription at the midblastula transition in Xenopus development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:2331–2335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai, Z. C., and G. Childs. 1988. Characterization of the structure and transcriptional patterns of the gene encoding the late histone subtype H1-β of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:1842–1844.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai, Z. C., R. Maxson, and G. Childs. 1988. Both basal and ontogenic promoter elements affect the timing and level of expression of a sea urchin H1 gene during early embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 2:173–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lieber, T., K. Weisser, and G. Childs. 1986. Analysis of histone gene expression in adult tissues of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus: tissue-specific expression of sperm histone genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2602–2612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livant, D. L., A. E. Cutting, R. J. Britten, and E. H. Davidson. 1988. An in vivo titration of regulatory factors required for expression of a fusion gene in transgenic sea urchin embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7607–7611.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sam brook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Maxson, R. E., T. J. Mohon, R. Cohn, and L. Kedes. 1983. Expression and organization of histone genes. Annu. Rev. Genet. 17:239–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxson, R. E., T. J. Mohon, G. Gormezano, G. Childs, and L. H. Kedes. 1983. Distinct organizations and patterns of expression of early and late gene sets in the sea urchin. Nature (London) 301:120–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMahon, A. P., C. N. Flytzanis, B. R. Hough-Evans, K. S. Katula, R. J. Britten, and E. H. Davidson. 1985. Introduction of cloned DNA into sea urchin egg cytoplasm: replication and persistence during embryogenesis. Dev. Biol. 108:420–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, A. P., T. J. Novak, R. J. Britten, and E. H. Davidson. 1984. Inducible expression of a cloned heat shock fusion gene in sea urchin embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7490–7494.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melton, D. A., P. A. Krieg, M. R. Rebagliati, T. Maniatis, K. Zinn, and M. R. Green. 1984. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage Sp6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:7034–7056.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, G. F., D. Price, and W. F. Marzluff. 1986. Synthesis of U1 RNA in a DNA-dependent system from sea urchin embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaffner, G., S. Schirm, B. Muller-Baden, F. Weber, and W. Schaffner. 1988. Redundancy of information in enhancers as a principle of mammalian transcription control. J. Mol. Biol. 201:81–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schirm, S., J. Jiricny, and W. Schaffner. 1987. The SV40 enhancer can be dissected into multiple segments, each with a different cell-type specificity. Genes Dev. 1:65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serfling, E., M. Jasin, and W. Schaffner. 1985. Enhancers and eukaryotic gene transcription. Trends Genet. 1:224–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. B.. 1988. Phylogenetic relationship, divergence times, and rates of molecular evolution for camarodont sea urchins. Mol. Biol. Evol. 5:345–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorger, P. K., M. J. Lewis, and H. R. B. Pelham. 1987. Heat shock factor is regulated differentially in yeast and mammalian cells. Nature (London) 329:81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitelli, L., I. Kemler, B. Lauber, M. Birnstiel, and M. Busslinger. 1988. Developmental regulation of microinjected histone genes in sea urchin embryos. Dev. Biol. 127:54–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson, C., G. S. Cross, and H. R. Woodland. 1986. Tissuespecific expression of actin genes injected into Xenopus embryos. Cell 47:589–599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wirth, T., L. Staudt, and D. Baltimore. 1987. An octamer oligonucleotide upstream of a TATA motif is sufficient for lymphoid-specific promoter activity. Nature 329:174–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar