Promoter Upstream Elements of the Chicken Cardiac Myosin LightChain 2-A Gene Interact with trans-Ading Regulatory Factors for Muscle-Specific Transcription

LITERATURE CITED

• An, G., K. Hikada, and L. Siminovitch. 1982. Expression of bacterial β-galactosidase in animal cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1628–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, H. H., P. Lohse, B. M. Paterson, and B. Winter. 1988. The regulated expression of chicken muscle genes transfected into myogenic culture cells, p. 85–96. In B. Cullen (ed.). Mechanisms of control of gene expression. Alan R. Liss. Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, H. H., E. Tannich, and B. Paterson. 1988. The promoter of the chicken myosin light chain 2 gene shows cell-specific expression in transfected primary cultures of chicken muscle. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:2411–2429.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banerji, J., L. Olson, and W. Schaffner. 1983. A lymphocytespecific cellular enhancer is located downstream of the joining region in immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Cell 33:729–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, T., G. Buschhausen-Denker, E. Tannich, and H. H. Arnold. 1988. Interaction of nuclear protein with essential promoter element of the chicken cardiac myosin light chain 2 gene is involved in muscle-specific transcription. FEBS Lett. 239:309–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briggs, M. R., J. T. Kadonaga, S. P. Bell, and R. Tjian. 1986. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter specific transcription factor Sp1. Science 234:47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckingham, M. E.. 1985. Actin and myosin multigene families: their expression during the formation of skeletal muscle. Essays Biochem. 20:77–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buschhausen-Denker, G., and H. H. Arnold. 1988. A quantitative evaluation of promoter activity by microinjection of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase hybrid genes into tissue culture cells. Anal. Biochem. 170:243–247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carthew, R. W., L. A. Chodosh, and P. A. Sharp. 1985. An RNA polymerase II transcription factor binds to an upstream element in the adenovirus major late promoter. Cell 43:439–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, E. J., and P. U. Seeburg. 1985. Supercoil sequencing: a fast and simple method for sequencing plasmid DNA. DNA 4:165–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chodosh, L. A., R. W. Carthew, and P. A. Sharp. 1986. A single polypeptide possesses the binding and transcription activities of the adenovirus major late transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4723–4733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciliberto, G., L. Dente, and R. Cortese. 1985. Cell-specific expression of a transfected human α1-antitrypsin gene. Cell 41:531–540.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa, R. H., E. Lai, and J. E. Darnell, Jr.. 1986. Transcriptional control of the mouse prealbumin (transthyretin) gene: both promoter sequences and a distinct enhancer are cell specific. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4697–4708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dynan, W. S.. 1987. What mechanisms underlie tissue-specific gene transcription? Trends Genet. 3:121–122.
   Google Scholar
• Dynan, W. S., and R. Tjian. 1983. The promoter-specific transcription factor Sp1 binds to upstream sequences in the SV40 early promoter. Cell 35:79–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dynan, W. S., and R. Tjian. 1985. Control of eukaryotic messenger RNA synthesis by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Nature (London) 316:774–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund, T., M. D. Walker, P. J. Barr, and W. Y. Rutter. 1985. Unspecific expression of the rat insulin gene: evidence for role of two distinct 5′ flanking elements. Science 230:912–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, M., and D. M. Crothers. 1981. Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor/operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:6505–6525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galas, D., and A. Schmitz. 1978. DNAse footprinting: a simple method for the detection of protein DNA binding specificity. Nucleic Acids Res. 5:3157–3170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, M. M., and A. Revzin. 1981. A gel electrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:3047–3060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies, S. D., S. L. Morrison, V. T. Oi, and S. Tonegawa. 1983. A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Cell 33:717–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godbout, R., R. Ingram, and S. M. Tilghman. 1986. Multiple regulatory elements in the intergenic region between the α- fetoprotein and albumin genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:477–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, C. M.. 1985. High efficiency gene transfer into mammalian cells, p. 143–190. In D. M. Glover (ed.). DNA cloning, vol. 2. IRL Press, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mamalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graessmann, M., and A. Graessmann. 1983. Microinjection of tissue culture cells. Methods Enzymol. 101:482–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves, B. J., P. F. Johnson, and S. L. MeKnight. 1986. Homologoues recognition of a promoter domain common to the MSV LTR and the HSV tk gene. Cell 44:565–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardon, E. M., M. Frain, G. Paonessa, and R. Cortese. 1988. Two distinct factors interact with the promoter region of several liver specific genes. EMBO J. 7:1711–1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henikoff, S.. 1984. Unidirectional digestion with exonuclease III creates targeted break points for DNA sequencing. Gene 28:351–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr, W., and J. Clarke. 1986. The SV40 enhancer is composed of multiple functional elements that can compensate for one another. Cell 45:461–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, K. A., J. T. Kadonaga, P. J. Rosenfeld, T. Y. Kelly, and R. Tjian. 1987. A cellular DNA-binding protein that activates enkaryotic transcription and DNA-replication. Cell 48:79–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, K. A., K. R. Yamamoto, and R. Tjian. 1985. Two distinct transcription factors bind to the HSV thymidine kinase promoter in vitro. Cell 42:559–572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, N. C., P. W. Rigby, and E. B. Ziff. 1988. Trans-acting protein factors and the regulation of eucaryotic transcription: lessons from studies on DNA tumor viruses. Genes & Dev. 2:267–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kadonaga, J. T., and R. Tjian. 1986. Affinity purification of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5889–5893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovesdi, J., R. Reichel, and J. R. Nevius. 1986. Identification of a cellular transcription factor involved in E1A trans-activation. Cell 45:219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovesdi, J., M. Satake, K. Furukawa, R. Reichel, Y. Ito, and J. R. Nevins. 1987. A factor discriminating between the wild type and a mutant polyomavirus enhancer. Nature (London) 328:87–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lohse, P., and H. H. Arnold. 1988. The down-regulation of the chicken cytoplasmic β-actin during myogenic differentiation does not require the gene promoter but involves the 3′ end of the gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:2787–2803.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maniatis, T., S. Goodbourn, and J. A. Fischer. 1987. Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression. Science 236:1237–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKnight, S., and R. Tjian. 1986. Transcriptional selectivity of viral genes in mammalian cells. Cell 46:795–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miwa, T., L. M. Boxer, and L. Kedes. 1987. CArG boxes in the human cardiac a-actin gene are core binding sites for positive trans-acting regulatory factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6702–6706.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miwa, T., and L. Kedes. 1987. Duplicated CArG box domains have positive and mutually dependent regulatory roles in expression of the human α-cardiac actin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2803–2813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill, M. C., and F. E. Stockdale. 1974. 5-BUDR inhibition of differentiation. Kinetics of inhibition and reversal in myoblasts. Dev. Biol. 37:117–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ott, M.-O., L. Sperling, P. Herbomel, M. Yaniv, and M. C. Weiss. 1984. Tissue-specific expression is conferred by a sequence from the 5′ end of the rat albumin gene. EMBO J. 3:2505–2510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbeck, P. A., A. B. Chepelinsky, J. S. Khillau, J. Piatgorsky, and H. Westphal. 1985. Lens-specific expression and developmental regulation of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene driven by the murine A-crystallin promoter in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7815–7819.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker, C. S., and J. Topol. 1984. A drosophila DNA polymerase Il transcription factor contains a promoter-region-specific DNA-binding activity. Cell 36:357–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson, B. M., and R. C. Strohmann. 1972. Myosin synthesis in cultures of differentiating chicken embryo skeletal muscle. Dev. Biol. 29:113–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichel, R., J. Kovesdi, and J. R. Nevius. 1988. Activation of a preexisting cellular factor as a basis for adenovirus E1A- mediated transcription control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:387–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sawadogo, M., and R. G. Roeder. 1985. Interaction of a gene-specific transcription factor with the adenovirus major late promoter upstream of the TATA box region. Cell 43:165–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheidereit, C., A. Heguy, and R. G. Roeder. 1987. Identification and purification of a human lymphoid-specific octamer binding protein (OTF-2) that activates transcription of an immunoglobulin promoter in vitro. Cell 51:783–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serfling, E., H. Jasin, and W. Schaffner. 1985. Enhancers and eucaryotic gene transcription. Trends Genet. 1:224–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, F., and A. Varshavsky. 1984. A protein binds to a satellite DNA repeat at three specific sites that would be brought into mutual proximity by DNA folding in the nucleosome. Cell 37:889–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, K., and P. Schimmel. 1987. Two nuclear factors compete for the skeletal muscle actin promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 262:9429–9432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winter, B., and H. H. Arnold. 1987. Tissue-specific DNAsel hypersensitive sites and hypomethylation in the chicken cardiac myosin light chain gene (L2-A). J. Biol. Chem. 262:13750–13757.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiao, J. H., I. Davidson, D. Ferrandon, R. Rosales, M. Vigneron, M. Macchi, F. Ruffernach, and P. Chambon. 1987. One cellspecific and three ubiquitous nuclear proteins bind in vitro to overlapping motifs in the domain Bl of the SV40 enhancer. EMBO J. 6:3005–3013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zarraga, A. M., K. Danishefsky, A. Desphande, D. Nicholson, C. Mendola, and M. A. Q. Siddiqui. 1986. Characterization of 5′ flanking region of heart myosin light chain 2A gene. J. Biol. Chem. 261:13852–13860.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zenke, M., T. Grundstrom, H. Matthes, M. Wintzereith, C. Schatz, A. Wildeman, and P. Chambon. 1986. Multiple sequence motifs are involved in SV40 function. EMBO J. 5:378–397.
   Google Scholar