Does spinal anesthesia decrease the incidence of phantom pain?

references

• Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JHB, et al., Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study, Pain 87, 33–41 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor H, Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes and treatment, Lancet Neurol 1, 182–9 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JHB, Stewart R, et al., Phantom pain and risk factors: a multivariate analysis, J Pain Symptom Manage 24, 578–85 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzac KR, Anatomy and physiology of pain, in: Interventional Pain Manangement, Walman SD, Winnie AP (Eds), pp. 1–9. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie N, Phantom limb pain during spinal anaesthesia. Recurrence in amputees, Anaesthesia 38, 886–7 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach S, Noreng MF, Tjellden NU, Phantom limb pain in amputees during the first 12 months following limb amputation, after preoperative lumbar epidural blockade, Pain 33, 297–301 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahangiri M, Jayantunga AP, Bradley JW, et al., Prevention of phantom pain after major lower limb amputation by epidural infusion of diamorphine, clonidine and bupivacaine, Ann R Coll Surg Engl 76, 324–6 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wartan SW, Hamann W, Wedley JR, et al., Phantom pain and sensation among British veteran amputees, Br J Anaesth 78, 652–9 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Prevalence and characteristics of chronic phantom limb pain among American veterans. Results of a trial survey, Am J Phys Med 62, 227–38 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Parker L, Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a surgery, Pain 18, 83–5 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore B, Pain in amputation stump associated with spinal anaesthesia, Med J Aust 2, 645–6 (1946).
   Google Scholar
• Sellick BC, Phantom limb pain and spinal anaesthesia, Anaesthesiology 62, 801–2 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolajsen L, Ilkjaer S, Christensen JH, et al., Randomised trial of epidural bupivacaine and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower-limb amputation, Lancet 350, 1353–7 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessler MJ, Kleiman SJ, Spinal anaesthesia for patients with previous lower limb amputations, Anaesthesia 49, 439–41 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolajsen L, Jensen TS, Phantom limb pain, Br J Anaesth 87, 107–16 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darian-Smith C, Gilbert CD, Axonal sprouting accompanies functional reorganization in adult cat striate cortex, Nature 368, 737–40 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florence SL, Kaas JH, Large-scale reorganization at multiple levels of the somatosensory pathway follows therapeutic amputation of the hand in monkeys, J Neurosci 15, 83–95 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Wu CW, Kaas JH, Reorganization in primary motor cortex of primates with long-standing therapeutic amputations, J Neurosci 19, 679–97 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Birbaumer N, Lutzenberger W, Montoya P, et al., Effects of regional anesthesia on phantom limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganization, J Neurosci 17, 503–8 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Nikolajsen L, Ilkjaer S, Kroner K, et al., The influence of preamputation pain on post amputation stump and phantom pain, Pain 72, 393–405 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, et al., Immediate and long term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship top re-amputation limb pain, Pain 21, 267–78 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes CM, Factors determining the persistence of phantom pain in the amputee, J Psychosom Res 17, 97–108 (1973).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss SA, Lindell B, Phantom limb pain and etiology of amputation in unilateral lower extremity amputees, J Pain Symptom Manage 11,3–17 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis RW, Phantom sensation, phantom pain, and stump pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74, 79–91 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahamson AS, Fiebel A, The phantom phenomenon: its use and disuse, Bull NY Acad Med 57, 99–112 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar