CORRELATION BETWEEN SAR, SWR AND DISTANCE OF A MOBILE TERMINAL ANTENNA IN FRONT OF A HUMAN PHANTOM: THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION

References

• American National Standard-Safety Levels with Respect to Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3KHz to 300 GHz , ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection . 1996 . ICNIRP statement — Health issues related to the use of hand-held radiotelephones and base transmitters . Health Phys. , 70 ( No. 4 ) : 587 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi , O. P. , Lazzi , G. and Furse , C. M. 1996 . Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck for mobile telephones at 835 and 1900MHz . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 44 ( No. 10 ) : 1884 – 1897 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okoniewski , M. and Stuchly , M. A. 1996 . A study of the handset antenna and human body interaction . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 44 ( No. 10 ) : 1855 – 1864 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimbilow , P. J. and Mann , S. W. 1994 . SAR calculations in an anatomically realistic model of the head for mobile communication transceivers at 900MHz and 1.8GHz . Phys. Med. Biol. , 39 : 1537 – 1553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , S. , Taki , M. , Nojima , T. and Fujiwara , O. 1996 . Characteristics of the SAR distributions in a head exposed to electromagnetic fields radiated by a hand-held portable radio . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 44 ( No. 10 ) : 1874 – 1883 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimbilow , P. J. 1993 . FDTD calculations of the SAR for a dipole closely coupled to the head at 900MHz and 1.9 GHz . Phys. Med. Biol. , 38 : 361 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , H. Y. and Wang , H. H. 1994 . Current and SAR induced in a human head model by the electromagnetic fields irradiated from a cellular phone . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 42 ( No. 12 ) : 2249 – 2254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang , H. R. 1994 . Human operator coupling e¬ects on radiation characteristics of a portable communication dipole antenna . IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , 42 ( No. 4 ) : 556 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuchly , M. A. , Spiegel , R. J. , Stuchly , S. S. and Kraszewski , A. 1986 . Exposure of man in the nearfield of a resonant dipole: Comparison between theory and measurements . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 34 ( No. 1 ) : 26 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hombach , V. , Meier , K. , Burkhardt , M. , Kuhn , E. and Kuster , N. 1996 . The dependence of EM energy absorption upon human head modeling at 900MHz . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 44 ( No. 10 ) : 1865 – 1873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier , K. , Hombach , V. , Kastle , R. , Tay , R. Y. S. and Kuster , N. 1997 . The dependence of electromagnetic energy absorption upon human head modeling at 1800MHz . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 45 ( No. 11 ) : 2058 – 2062 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drossos , A. , Santomaa , V. and Kuster , N. 2000 . The dependence of electromagnetic energy absorption upon human head tissue composition in the frequency range of 300–3000MHz . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 48 ( No. 11 ) : 1988 – 1995 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toftgard , J. , Hornsleth , S. N. and Andersen , J. B. 1993 . E¬ects on portable antennas of the presence of a person . IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , 41 ( No. 6 ) : 739 – 746 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzi , G. , Pattnaik , S. S. and Gandhi , O. P. 1999 . Experimental and FDTD-computed radiation patterns of cellular telephones held in slanted operational conditions . IEEE Trans. on Electrom. Compat. , 41 ( No. 2 ) : 141 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay , R. Y. S. , Balzano , Q. and Kuster , N. 1998 . Dipole configurations with strongly improved radiation efficiency for hand-held transceivers . IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , 46 ( No. 6 ) : 798 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , J. and Hombach , V. 1998 . The specific absorption rate in a spherical head model from a dipole with metallic walls nearby . IEEE Trans. on Electrom. Compat. , 40 ( No. 4 ) : 377 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi , P. , Cavagnaro , M. and Pisa , S. 1996 . Evaluation of the SAR distribution in the human head for cellular phones used in a partially closed environment . IEEE Trans. on Electrom. Compat. , 38 ( No. 3 ) : 357 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , M. A. and Rahmat-Samii , Y. 1995 . EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications . Proc. IEEE , 83 ( No. 1 ) : 7 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone , A. , Balzano , Q. and Simunic , D. 1998 . Experimental dosimetry in a sphere of simulated brain tissue near a half-wave dipole antenna . Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Electromagn. Compat. , : 906 – 911 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuster , N. and Balzano , Q. 1992 . Energy absorption mechanism by biological bodies in the near field of dipole antennas above 300MHz . IEEE Trans. on Veh. Technol. , 41 ( No. 1 ) : 17 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanda , M. , Balzano , Q. , Russo , P. , Faraone , A. and Bit-Babik , G. 2002 . Effects of ear-connection modelling on the electromagneticenergy absorption in a human-head phantom exposed to a dipole antenna field at 835MHz . IEEE Trans. on Electrom. Compat. , 44 ( No. 1 ) : 4 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang , J. and Wu , Z. 1996 . Generalized perfectly matched layer for the absorption of propagating and evanescent waves in lossless and lossy media . IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques , 44 ( No. 12 ) : 2216 – 2222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson , G. 1990 . Statistics in Scientific Investigation , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• 2002 . EN 50383:“Basic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic field strength and SAR related to human exposure from radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunication systems (110MHz–40 GHz)”
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . EN 50361:“Basic standard for the measurement of specific absorption rate related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields from mobile phones (300 MHz–3 GHz)”
   Google Scholar
• Taflove , A. 1995 . Computational Electrodynamics , Norwood , MA : Artech House .
   Google Scholar