Multispectra for ocean-like random rough surface scattering

References

• Beckmann , P. and Spizzichino , A. 1963 . The scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces , New-York : McMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bass , F. G. and Fuks , I. M. 1979 . Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zipfel , G. G. and DeSanto , J. A. 1972 . Scattering of a scalar wave from a random rough surface: a diagrammatic approach . J. Math. Phys. , 13 : 1903 – 1911 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. S. 1982 . A stochastic Fourier transform approach to scattering from perfectly conducting randomly rough surfaces . IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop. , AP-30 ( No. 6 ) : 1135 – 1144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wienebrenner , D. and Ishimaru , A. 1985 . Application of the phase-perturbation technique to randomly rough surfaces . J. Optical Soc. America, A , 22 ( No. 12 ) : 2285 – 2293 .
   Google Scholar
• Eftimiu , C. and Welland , G. V. 1987 . The use of padé approximants in rough surface scattering . IEEE Trans. Ant. and Propagation , AP-35 ( No. 6 ) June : 721 – 727 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holliday , D. , St-Cyr , G. and Woods , N. E. 1986 . A radar ocean imaging model for small to moderate incidence angles . Int. J. Remote Sensing , 7 ( No. 12 ) : 1809 – 1834 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holliday , D. 1991 . Backscattering of electromagnetic waves from a perfectly conducting, gently sloping surface of finite amplitude . IEEE Trans. Ant. and Propagation , 39 ( No. 2 ) February : 251 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , E. 1991 . Beyond the Kirchhoff approximation in electromagnetic scattering . Radio Science , 26 ( No. 1 ) January–February : 121 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , E. and Kim , Y. 1992 . A unified perturbation expansion . Radio Science , 27 ( No. 1 ) January-February : 79 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. S. 1990 . A scattering result for rough surfaces having small height but arbitrary slope . Wave motion , 12 : 475 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. S. 1991 . A new approach to the analysis of rough surface scattering . IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop. , 39 ( No. 7 ) : 943 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung , A. K. and Pan , G. W. 1987 . A scattering model for perfectly conducting random surfaces - i. model development . Int. J. Remote Sensing , 8 ( No. 11 ) : 1579 – 1593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung , A. K. , Li , Z. and Chen , K. S. 1992 . Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface . IEEE Trans. Geosc. and Remote Sensing , 30 ( No. 2 ) March : 356 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , J. W. 1968 . A new model for sea clutter . IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop. , AP-16 ( No. 2 ) : 217 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela , G. R. 1978 . Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and ocean waves - a review . Boundary Layer Met. , 13 : 61 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. S. 1978 . Backscattering from a Gaussian-distributed perfectly conducting rough surface . IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation , AP-26 ( No. 3 ) May : 472 – 482 . See correction in: ibidem, Vol. AP-28, 943–946, Nov. 1980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guissard , A. and Sobieski , P. 1987 . An approximate model for the microwave brightness temperature of the sea . Int. J. Remote Sens. , 8 ( No. 11 ) November : 1607 – 1627 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. S. 1985 . A comparison of approximate theories for scattering from rough surfaces . Wave Motion , 7 : 195 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guissard , A. 1993 . Directional spectrum of the sea surface and wind scatterometry . Int. J. Remote Sensing , 14 ( No. 8 ) May : 1615 – 1633 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobieski , P. and Guissard , A. 1987 . “ Dependence of the azimuthal anisotropy of the scatterometer response on the ocean surface characteristics: A parametric study ” . In Int. Symp. Microwaves Signatures in Remote Sensing, Göteborg, January 1987 , Edited by: Jan , Askne and Ake , Blomquist . 78 – 79 . Goteborg , , Sweden : Chalmers University of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , K. S. and Fung , A. K. 1990 . “ A Bragg scattering model for skewed sea surface ” . In Ocean90, Washington, Sept. 24–26 , 249 – 252 . Washington : IEEE .
   Google Scholar
• Fung , A. K. and Chen , K. S. 1991 . Kirchhoff model for a skewed random surface . J. Electromagnetic Waves and Applications , 5 ( No. 1 ) : 205 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Brillinger , D. R. 1965 . An introduction to polyspectra . Ann. Math. Statist. , 36 : 1351 – 1374 .
   Google Scholar
• Nikias , Ch. L. and Petropulu , A. T. 1993 . Higher-Order Spectra Analysis , Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. C. and Powers , E. J. 1979 . Digital bispectral analysis and its application to nonlinear wave interactions . IEEE Trans. Plasma Science , 1 : 120 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Elgar , S. and Guza , R. 1985 . Observations of bispectra of shoaling surface gravity waves . J. Fluid Mech. , 161 : 425 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendel , J. M. 1991 . Tutorial on higher-order statistics (spectra) in signal processing and system theory: theoretical results and some applications . Proc. IEEE , 79 ( No. 3 ) March : 278 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasselman , K. , Munk , W. and MacDonald , G. 1963 . “ Bispectra of ocean waves ” . In Time Series Analysis , Edited by: Rosenblatt , M. New York : Wiley . chapter 125–139
   Google Scholar
• Masuda , A. and Kuo , Y. Y. 1981 . A note on the imaginary part of bispectra . Deep-Sea Research , 28A ( No. 3 ) : 213 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Stratton , J. A. 1941 . Electromagnetic Theory , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Ulaby , F. T. , Moore , R. K. and Fung , A. K. 1982 . Microwave Remote Sensing - Active and Passive , Vol. 2 , Addison-Wesley Pu. Co .
   Google Scholar
• Guissard , A. December 16–20 1985 . “ A translation property in rough surface scattering ” . In Proc. 3d International Colloquium on spectral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing , December 16–20 , 123 – 125 . France : Les Arcs . Société Internationale de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, ESA SP-247
   Google Scholar
• Keller , J. B. 1962 . “ Wave propagation in random media ” . In Proc. Symp. Appl. Math , Vol. 13 , 227 – 246 . Providence , R.I : Am. Math. Soc .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , K. S. , Fung , A. K. and Weissman , D. E. 1992 . A backscattering model for ocean surface . IEEE Trans. Geosc. Remote Sensing , 30 ( No. 4 ) July : 811 – 817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papoulis , A. 1991 . Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes , 3d Ed. , New York : Mc-Graw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , K. S , Fung , A. K and Amar , F. 1993 . An empirical bispectrum model for sea surface scattering . IEEE Trans. Geosc. and Remote Sensing , 31 ( No. 4 ) July : 830 – 834 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgar , S. 1987 . Relationships involving third order moments and bispectra of a harmonic process . IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech, Signal Proc. , ASSP-35 ( No. 12 ) : 1725 – 1726 .
   Google Scholar
• Papoulis , A. 1965 . Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Pierson , W. J. and Moskowitz , L. 1964 . A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii . J. Geophys. Res. , 69 : 5181 – 5190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung , A. K. 1994 . Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications , Norwood , Ma : Artech House .
   Google Scholar
• Longuet-Higgins , M. S . 1982 . On the skewness of sea surface slopes . J. Physical Oceanography , No. 12 November : 1283 – 1291 . Am. Meteorological Soc
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , C. S. and Munk , W. H. 1954 . Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun's glitter . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 44 ( No. 11 ) : 838 – 850 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , C. S. and Munk , W. 1956 . Slopes of the sea surface deduced from photographs of sun glitter . Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. , 6 : 401 – 488 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackay . 1959 . “ On the gaussian nature of ocean waves ” . In Internal Technical Note (Project A-366) 8 , 20 Atlanta, Ga , , USA : Eng. Exp. Station, Georgia Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Pierson , W. J. and Stacy , R. A. 1973 . “ The Elevation, Slope, and Curvature Spectra of Wind Roughened Sea Surface ” . In Nasa-cr-2247 , 129 NASA .
   Google Scholar
• Guissard , A. , Sobieski , P. and Baufays , C. 1992 . “ A unified approach to bistatic scattering for active and passive remote sensing of rough ocean surfaces ” . In Trends in Geophysical Research , Vol. 1 , 43 – 68 . Trivandrum , , India : Council of Scientific Research Integration .
   Google Scholar
• Guissard , A. , Baufays , C. and Sobieski , P. 1994 . Fully and non-fully developed sea models for microwave remote sensing applications . Remote Sensing of Environment , 48 : 25 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar