Migration, Sex Work and Exploitative Labor Conditions: Experiences of Nigerian Women in the Sex Industry in Turin, Italy, and Counter-Trafficking Measures

References

• Adepoju, A.A., v. Noorloos, F., Zoomers, A. (2010). Europe’s migration agreements with migrant-sending countries in the global South: A critical review of Europe’s migration agreements. International Migration, 48 (3), 42-75.
   Google Scholar
• Aghatise, E.E. (2004). Trafficking for prostitution in Italy: Possible effects of government proposals for legalization of brothels. Violence against Women, 10 (10), 1126–1155.
   Google Scholar
• Agustin, L.D.L. (2006). The disappearing of a migration category: Migrants who sell sex. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32 (1), 29–47.
   Google Scholar
• Agustin, L.D.L. (2007). Sex at the margins: Migration, labour markets and the rescueindustry. Zed Books: London & New York.
   Google Scholar
• Akor, L.Y. (2011). Trafficking of women in Nigeria: Causes, consequences and the way forward. Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 2 (2), 89–110.
   Google Scholar
• Aradau, C. (2012). The perverse politics of four-letter words: Risk and pity in the securitisation of human trafficking. Modern Italy, 17 (4), 493–506.
   Google Scholar
• Baye E.M.O. (2012). Experiences of Nigerian trafficked women; Voices and perspectives from Italy. Unpublished research paper. International Institute of Social Studies: The Hague.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. (2008). Introduction to special issue—Sexual commerce and the global flow of bodies, desires, and social policies. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 5 (4), 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. (2010). Militarized humanitarianism meets carceral feminism: Thepolitics of sex, rights, and freedom in contemporary anti-trafficking campaigns. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 36 (1), 45–71.
   Google Scholar
• Brunovskis, A., & Surtees, R. (2008). Agency or illness-the conceptualization of trafficking victims’ choices and behaviors in the assistance system. Gender, Technology and Development, 12 (1), 53–76.
   Google Scholar
• Carling, J. (2006). Migration, human smuggling and trafficking from Nigeria to Europe. 10M Migration Research Series No. 23, International Organization for Migration.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, J. (2006). Reducing the damage: Dilemmas of anti-trafficking efforts among Nigerian prostitutes in Palermo. Anthropological, 48 (2), 217–228.
   Google Scholar
• Crowhurst, I. (2012). Caught in the victim/criminal paradigm: Female migrant prostitution in contemporary Italy. Modern Italy, 17 (4), 493-506. DOI: 10.1080/13532944.2012.707000.
   Google Scholar
• Crowhurst, I., Outshoorn, J.; Skilbrei, M.L. (2012). Introduction: Prostitution policies in Europe. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 9 (3), 187–191.
   Google Scholar
• Doezema, J. (2002). Who gets to choose? Coercion, consent, and the UN Trafficking Protocol. Gender and Development, 10 (1), 20–27.
   Google Scholar
• Doezema, J. (2005). Now you see her, now you don’t: Sex workers at the UNtrafficking protocol negotiation. Social & Legal Studies, 14 (1), 61–89.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, A. (1993). Prostitution and male supremacy. Speech at a symposium titled Prostitution: From Academia to Activism, sponsored by the Michigan Journal of Gender and Law.
   Google Scholar
• EU. (n.d.). European Commission: Together against Trafficking in Human Beings—Italy. Retrieved September 16, 2013, from http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/NIP/Italy
   Google Scholar
• European Network against Trafficking in Women for sexual exploitation (ENATW) (N.D.) Right to temporary or permanent residency: Article 18 of the Italian migration law (Law 286/98). Retrieved on September 25, 2013 from http://www.aretusa.net
   Google Scholar
• Favet, L. (2010). Indoor sex work: Analysis and good practice manual on indoor sex work settings in seven European cities. Marseille, France: Autres Regard Books.
   Google Scholar
• Giordano, C. (2008). Practices of translation and the making of migrant subjectivities incontemporary Italy. American Ethnologist, 35(4), 588–606.
   Google Scholar
• Harcourt, W. (2009). Body politics in development: Critical debates in gender and development. Zed Books: London.
   Google Scholar
• Harrington, C. (2005). The politics of rescue: Peacekeeping and anti-trafficking programmes in Bosnia-Herzegovina Kosovo. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7 (2), 175–206.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Migration. (1996). Trafficking in women to Italy for sexual exploitation. Migration Information Program, June 1996, IOM.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, A. (2011). Slavery, forced labor, debt bondage, and human trafficking: From conceptional confusion to targeted solutions. Program on Human Trafficking and Forced Labor, Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, American University Washington College of Law. Issue paper 2, February 2011. Retrieved on October 27, 2013 from http://rightswork.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Issue-Paper-2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kempadoo, K. (2003). Globalizing sex workers rights. Canadian Woman Studies,22 (3,4), 143-150.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, C. (2005). Pornography as trafficking. Michigan Journal of International Law, 26 (4), 993–1012.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., Taylor, J. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19 (3), 431–466.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, A. (1998). Debt-bondage and trafficking: Don’t believe the hype. In Kempadoo, K. and Doexema, J. (Eds.), Global sex workers: Rights, resistance and redefinition (pp. 51–64). New York: Taylor & Francis, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell Davidson, J. (2013). Troubling freedom: Migration, debt, and modern slavery. Migration Studies, doi: 10/1093 migration/mns002, 1-20.
   Google Scholar
• Outshoom, J. (2005). The political debates on prostitution and trafficking of women. Social Politics, 12 (1), 141–156.
   Google Scholar
• Peano, Irene. (2012). Excesses and double standards: Migrant prostitutes, sovereignty andexceptions in contemporary Italy. Modern Italy, 17 (4), 419–432.
   Google Scholar
• Peano, Irene. (2013). Bondage and help: Genealogies and hopes in trafficking fromNigeria to Italy. In Quirk, J. and D. Wigneswaran (Eds.) Slavery, migration and contemporary bondage in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Retrieved September 18, 2013 from http://www.academia.edu/4498855/Bondage_and_help_Genealogies_and_hopes_in_trafficking_from_Nigeriato_Italy#
   Google Scholar
• Sandy, L., & Wahab. S. (2009). “Behind closed doors”: Debt-bonded sex workers in Sihanoukville, Cambodia. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 10 (3), 216–230.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, E. (1993). Feminism and the false dichotomy of victimization and agency. New York Law School Law Review, 38, 387–399.
   Google Scholar
• Shamir, H. (2012). A labor paradigm for human trafficking. UCLA Law Review, 60(0,76–136.
   Google Scholar
• Skilbrei, M.L., & Tveit, M. (2008). Defining trafficking through empirical work: Blurred boundaries and their consequences. Gender Technology and Development, 12 (1), 9–30.
   Google Scholar
• Skilbrei, M.L, & Tveit, M. (2011). Mission impossible? Voluntarily and dignified repatriation of victims of trafficking to Nigeria. In T.D. Truong and D. Gasper (Eds.), Transnational migration and human security (pp. 135–146.) Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, B. (2003). Trafficking in women. International Feminist Journal of Politics,5(1), 67–91.
   Google Scholar
• Tampep, (2009). Sex, work, migration and health: A report on the intersections of legislations and policies regarding sex work, migration and health in Europe. Germany: Tampep International Foundation Books.
   Google Scholar
• Testai, Patrizia. (2013). Victim protection policy in a local context: A case study. In Mary Burke (Ed.) Human trafficking: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 3–23). Routledge: New York & Abington.
   Google Scholar
• Truong, T.D. (1990). Sex, money and morality: Prostitution and tourism in Southeast Asia. London & New Jersey: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Truong, T.D. (2003). Gender, exploitative migration, and the sex industry: A EuropeanPerspective. Gender, Technology and Development, 7 (1), 31–52.
   Google Scholar
• Truong, T.D. (2008). Human trafficking and new patterns of migration. Gender, Technology and Development, 12 (5), 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2000). UN Trafficking Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Retrieved September 25, 2013, from http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatodfinal_documents_2/convention%20traffeng.pdf
   Google Scholar