The seroprevalences of cystic echinococcosis, and the associated risk factors, in rural–agricultural, bedouin and semi-bedouin communities in Jordan

References

• Abdel-Hafez, S. K. & Kamhawi, S. A. (1997). Cystic echinococcosis in the Levant countries (Jordan, Palestinian Autonomy, Israel, Syria and Lebanon). In Compendium on Cystic Echinococcosis in Africa and Middle Eastern Countries with Special Reference to Morocco, eds Andersen, F. L., Ouhelli, H. & Kachani, M. pp. 292-316. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.
   Google Scholar
• Abo-Shehada, M. N. (1993). Some observations on hydatidosis in Jordan. Journal of Helminthology, 67, 248–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Hasan, N., Daragmeh, M., Adwan, K., Al-Qaoud, K. & Abdel-Hafez, S. K. (2002). Human cystic echinococcosis in West Bank of Palestine: surgical incidence and seroepidemiologic study. Parasitology Research, 88, 107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Qaoud, K. M., Craig, P. S. & Abdel-Hafez, S. K. (2003a). Retrospective surgical incidence and case distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Jordan between 1944-2000. Aaa Tropica, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Qaoud, K. M., Craig, P. S. & Abdel-Hafez, S. K. (2003b). Canine echinococcosis in northern Jordan: increased prevalence and dominance of sheep/dog strain. Parasitology Research, 90, 187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amr, S. S., Amr, Z. S., Jitawi, S. & Annab, H. (1994). Human hydatidosis in Jordan: an epidemiological survey of 306 cases. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 88, 623–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, F. L. (1993). General introduction to cystic echinococcosis and description of cooperative research efforts in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PRC. In Compendium on Cystic Echinococcosis with Special Reference to Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, The People's Republic of China, eds Andersen, F. L., Chai, J. & Liu, F. pp. 3-15. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, F. L. (1997). Introduction to cystic echinococcosis and description of cooperative research project in Morocco. In Compendium on Cystic Echinococcosis in Africa and Middle Eastern Countries with Special Reference to Morocco, eds Andersen, F. L., Ouhelli, H. & Kachani, M. pp. 1-17. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method of quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of dye binding. Annals of Biochemistry, 72, 248–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, P. S. (1997). Immunodiagnos is of Echinococcus granulosus and a comparison of techniques for diagnosis of canine echinococcosis. In Compendium on Cystic Echinococcosis in Africa and Middle Eastern Countries with Special Reference to Morocco, eds Andersen, F. L., Ouhelli, H. & Kachani, M. pp. 85-118. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.
   Google Scholar
• Daeki, A. O., Craig, P. S. & Shambesh, M. K. (2000). IgG-subclass antibody responses and the natural history of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic patients. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 94, 319–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dar, F. K. & Alkarmi, T. (1997). Cystic echinococcosis in the Gulf littoral states. In Compendium on Cystic Echinococcosis in Africa and Middle Eastern Countries with Special Reference to Morocco, eds Andersen, F. L., Ouhelli, H. & Kachani, M. pp. 281-291. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.
   Google Scholar
• Dowling, P. M., Abo-Shehada, M. N. & Torgerson, P. R. (2000). Risk factors associated with human cystic echinococcosis in Jordan: results of a case-control study. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 94, 69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Idrissi, A. L., Mahjour, J., Ayoujil, M. & Barkia, A. (1997). Retrospective survey for surgical cases of cystic echinococcosis in Morocco (1980-1992). In Compendium on Cystic Echinococcosis in Africa and Middle Eastern Countries with Special Reference to Morocco, eds Andersen, F. L., Ouhelli, H. & Kachani, M. pp. 194-203. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.
   Google Scholar
• El-Muhtaseb, H. H. (1984). Surgical management of hydatid cyst of liver. A retrospective study of 75 cases. Jordan Medical Journal, 18, 35–46.
   Google Scholar
• El-Shehabi, F. S., Abdel-Hafez, S. K. & Kamhawi, S. A. (2000). Prevalence of intestinal helminths of dogs and foxes from Jordan. Parasitology Research, 85, 111–116.
   Google Scholar
• Gebreel, A. O., Gilles, H. M. & Prescott, J. E. (1993). Studies on the seroepidemiology of endemic disease in Libya. 1. Echinococcosis in Libya. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 77, 391–393.
   Google Scholar
• Ioppolo, S., Notargiacomo, S., Profumo, E., Franchi, C., Ortona, E., Rigano, R. & Siracusano, A. (1996). Immunological responses to antigen B from Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid in hydatid patients. Parasite Immunology, 18, 571–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamhawi, S. A. (1995). A retrospective study of human cystic echinococcosis in Jordan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 89, 409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammeli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural protein during the assembly of head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227, 680–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdi, N. K. & Benyan, A. K. (1990). Hydatidosis among Iraqi children. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 84, 289–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, P. S. (1995). Statistics for Business and Economics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• McVie, A., Ersfeld, K., Rogan, M. T. & Craig, P. S. (1997). Expression and immunological character-ization of Echinococcus granulosus recombinant anti-gen B for IgG4 subclass detection in human cystic echinococcosis. Aaa Tropica, 67, 19–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosa, R. A. & Abdel-Hafez, S. K. (1994). Serodiagnosis and seroepidemiology of human unilocular hydatidosis. Parasitology Research, 80, 664–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Montor, J. (2002). Does host neuroendocrine system regulate the immune response during parasitic infections? Modern Aspects of Immunology, 2, 110–116.
   Google Scholar
• Mukbel, R M., Torgerson, P. R. & Abo-Shehada, M. N. (2000). Prevalence of hydatidosis among donkeys in northern Jordan. Veterinary Parasitology, 88, 35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasrieh, M. A., Craig, P. S., Kamhawi, S. A., Al-Qaoud, K. M. & Abdel-Hafez, S. K. (2003). Cystic echinococcosis in Jordan: socioeconomic evaluation and risk factors. Parasite, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Njeruh, F. M., Gathuma, J. M, Okelo, G. B. A. & Tumbon-Oeri, A. G. (1989). Diagnosis of human hydatid disease in surgically confirmed cases by the use of indirect haemagglutination test based on thermostable lipoprotein and on unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 83, 299–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogan, M. T., Craig, P. S., Zehyle, E., Romig, T., Lubano, G. M. & Liudeshan, L. (1991). Evaluation of a rapid dot-ELISA as a field test for the diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 85, 773–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schantz, P. M., Chai, J., Craig, P. S., Eckert, J., Jenkins, D. J., Macpherson, C. N. L. & Thakur, A. (1995). Epidemiology and control of hydatid disease. In Biology of Echinococcus and Hydatid Disease, eds Thompson, R. C. A. & Lymbery, A. J. pp. 232-331. Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Shambesh, M. K. A. (1997). Human cystic echinococcosis in North Africa (excluding Morocco). In Compendium on Cystic Echinococcosis in Africa and Middle Eastern Countries with Special Reference to Morocco, eds Andersen, F. L., Ouhelli, H. & Kachani, M. pp. 223-244. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.
   Google Scholar
• Shambesh, M. K. A., Craig, P. S., Macpherson, C. N. L., Rogan, M. T., Gusbi, A. M. & Echtuish, E. F. (1999). An extensive ultrasound and serologic study to investigate the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in northern Libya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60, 462–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shennak, M. M., Tarawneh, M. S., Amr, S. S., Al-Sheik, T. M., Abo-Rajab, M. T. & Grec, S. S. (1985). Patterns of hepatomegaly in Jordanians: a prospective study of 800 cases. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 79, 446–448.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, H. & Craig, P. S. (1994). Immunoglobulin G subclass response in human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 51, 741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towbin, H., Stahelin, T. & Gordon, J. M. (1979). Electrophoretic transfer procedure and some applications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 76, 4350–4354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tukan, S. K., Takuri, H. R. & Al-Eisawi, D. M. (1998). The use of wild edible plants in the Jordanian diet. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 49, 225–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East, Volume 1. Stuttgart: Gustav Fisher.
   Google Scholar