The identification and variability of the parasites causing leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients in Italy

References

• Campino, L., Santos-Gomes, G., Pratlong, F., Dedet, J. P. & Abranches, P. (1994). HIV — Leishmania co-infection in Portugal: isolation of Leishmania infantum MON-24. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, D. A. (1978). Kinetoplastida. In Methods of Cultivating Parasites in Vitro, eds Taylor, A. E. R. & Baker, J. R. pp. 55-88. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, D. A. (1987). Leishmania. In Vitro Methods for Parasite Cultivation, eds Taylor, A. E. R. & Baker, J. R. pp. 52-75. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gradoni, L. & Gramiccia, M. (1994). Leishmania infantum tropism: strain genotype or host immune status? Parasitology Today, 10, 264–267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gradoni, L., Pizzuti, R., di Martino, L., Gramiccia, M., Pempinello, R., Gaeta, G. B., Ferrara, M., Scotti, S. & Altieri, S. (1993). The epidemiology and surveil-lance of visceral leishmaniasis in the Campania region of Italy. The value of zymodeme typing. Epidemiology and Infection, 111, 297–306.
   Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M. & Gradoni, L. (1989). Successful in vitro isolation and cultivation of Italian dermotropic strains of Leishmania infantum sensu lato. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83, 76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L. & Angelici, M. C. (1989). Epidemiology of Mediterranean leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum: isoenzyme and kDNA analysis for the identification of parasites from man, vectors and reservoirs. In Leishmaniasis. The Current Status and New Strategies for Control, ed. Hart, D. J. pp. 21-37. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M., Ben-Ismail, R., Gradoni, L., Ben Rachid, M. S. & Ben Said, M. (1991). A Leishmania infantum enzymatic variant, causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north Tunisia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 85, 370–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L., di Martino, L., Romano, L. & Ercolini, D. (1992a). Two syntopic zymodemes of Leishmania infantum cause human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Naples area, Italy. Acta Tropica, 50, 357–359.
   Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L. & Troiani, M. (1992b). HIV -Leishmania co-infections in Italy: isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania causing visceral leish-maniasis in HIV patients. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86, 161–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L. & Troiani, M. (1995). Heterogenity among zymodemes of Leishmania infantum from HIV-positive patients with visceral leishmaniasis in south Italy. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 128, 33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izri, M. A. & Belazzoug, S. (1993). Phlebotomus (Larroussius) pelfiliewi naturally infected with dermo-tropic Leishmania infantum at Tenes, Algeria. Trans-actions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87,399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez, M. I., Laguna, F., de la Torre, F., Solis, F., Pratlong, F. & Alvar, J. (1995). New Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum zymodemes responsible for visceral leishmaniasis in patients co-infected with HIV in Spain. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89, 33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty, P., Le Fichoux, Y., Pratlong, F. & Gari-Toussaint, M. (1994). Human visceral leishmaniasis in Alpes-Maritimes, France: epidemiological charac-teristics for the period 1985-1992. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 33–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, G., Rioux, J. A., Lanotte, G., Pratlong, F. & Serres, E. (1986). Le complexe Leishmania donovani s.l. Analyse enzymatique et traitement numerique. Individualisation du complexe Leishmania infantum. In Leishmania. Taxonomie et Phylogendse. Applications Eco-épidémiologiques, ed. Rioux, J. A. pp. 105-117. Montpellier: Institut Mediterranéen d'Etudes Epi-demiologiques et Ecologiques.
   Google Scholar
• Portüs, M., Rioux, J. A., Gallego, J., Lanotte, G., Pratlong, F. & Moreno, G. (1986). Les leishmanioses in Catalogne (Espagne). A propos de l'identification enzymatique de neuf souches d'origine humaine et canine. In Leishmania. Taxonomie et Phylogenése. Applications Eco-épidémiologiques , ed. Rioux, J. A. pp. 433-438. Montpellier: Institut Méditerranéen d'Etudes Epidémiologiques et Ecologiques.
   Google Scholar
• Portüs, M., Gallego, J., Rioux, J.A., Pratlong, F., Moreno, G., Fisa, R., Gallego, M., Murioz, C., Riera, C., Sanchez, F. & Serra, T. (1989). Enzymatic heterogeneity among strains of Leishmania infantum from human visceral and cutaneous leishmaniosis in Catalonia (Spain). Revista Ibérica de Parasitologia, 49, 287–289.
   Google Scholar
• Pratlong, F., Rispail, P., Moreno, G., Le Fichoux, Y., Tomasi, C., Perieres, J. & Rioux, J. A. (1989). Leishmaniose cutanee a Leishmania infantum MON-24, observée a Grasse (Alpes-Maritimes) chez un enfant tunisien. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 64, 506–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratlong, F., Dedet, J. P., Marty, P., Portus, M., Deniau, M., Dereure, J. Abranches, P., Reynes, J., Martini, A. & Lefebvre, M. (1995). Leishmania-human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in the Mediterranean basin: isoenzymatic characterization of 100 isolates of the Leishmania infantum complex. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172, 323–326.
   Google Scholar
• Rioux, J. A., Lanotte, G., Dedet, J. P. & Martini-Dumas, A. (1970). Utilisation di milieu `coeur-cerveau-sang de mouton' pour la culture en masse de formes promastigotes des leishmanies. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 45, 381–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rioux, J. A., Lanotte, G., Serres, E., Pratlong, F., Bastien, P. & Perieres, J. (1990). Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 65, 111–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1990). Control of the Leish-maniases. Technical Report Series No. 793. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1995). Report on the Con-sultative Meeting on HIVILeishmania Co-infections, Rome, 6-7 September 1994. Document WHO/LEISH/95.35. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar