Lower trypanosomatids in HIV/AIDS patients

References

• Alvar, J., Cañavate, C., Gutiérrez-Solar, B., Jimenez, M. I., Laguna, F., López-Velez, R., Molina, R. & Moreno, J. (1997). Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10, 298–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato, J. C. P., Amato-Neto, V., Amato, V. S., Duarte, M. I. S., Uip, D. E. & Boulos, M. (1997). Lesoes cutfineas como ünicas manifestacôes de reativação da infecção pelo Thypanosoma cruzi em receptora de rim por transplante. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 30, 61–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boisseau-Garsaund, A. M., Cales-Quist, D., Desbois, N., Jouannelle, A., Pratlong, F. & Dedet, J. P. (2000). A new case of cutaneous infection by a pre-sumed monoxenous trypanosomatid in the island of Martinique (French West Indies). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94, 51–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campino, L., Santos-Gomes, G., Pratlong, F., Dedet, J. P. & Abranches, P. (1994). HIV-Leishmania co-infection in Portugal: isolation of Leishmania infantum MON-24. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedet, J. P. & Pratlong, F. (2000). Leishmania, Thypanosoma and monoxenous trypanosomatids as emerging opportunistic agents. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 47, 37–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedet, J. P., Roche, B., Pratlong, F., Cales-Quist, D., Jouannelle, J., Benichou, J. C. & Huerre, M. (1995). Diffuse cutaneous infection caused by a presumed monoxenous trypanosomatid in a patient with HIV. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89, 644–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, M. S., Nishioka, S. A., Silvestre, M. T. A., Borges, A. S., Nunes-Arafijo, F. R. F. & Rocha, A. (1997). Reactivation of Chagas' disease in patients with AIDS: report of three new cases and review of the literature. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25, 1397— 1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Githure, J. L., Hendricks, L. D., Schmur, L. F., Kilu, G. & Perkins, P. V. (1986). Characterization of Crithidia-like organism isolated from man, animals, and sand flies in leishmaniasis endemic foci in Kenya. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Medical Scientific Conference, pp. 243–247. Nairobi: Kenya Medical Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L. & Troiani, M. (1995). Heterogeneity among zymodemes of Leishmania infantum from HIV-positive patients with visceral leishmaniasis in south Italy. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 128, 33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez, M. I., Ferrer-Dufol, M., Cafiavate, C., Gutierrez-Solar, B., Molina, R., Laguna, F., López-Vélez, R., Cercenado, E., Dauden, E., Blizquez, J., Guevara, C. L., GOmez, J., de la Torre, J., Barros, C., Altes, J., Serra, T. & Alvar, J. (1995). Variability of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum among stocks from immunocompromised, immunocompetent patients and dogs in Spain. FENIS Microbiology Letters, 131, 197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez, M. I., López-Vélez, R., Molina, R., Cafiavate, C. & Alvar, J. (1996). HIV-co-infection with a currently non-pathogenic flagellate. Lancet, 347, 264–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laguna, F. (2003). Treatment of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 97 (Suppl. 1), 135–142.
   Google Scholar
• McGhee, R. B. & Cosgrove, W. B. (1980). Biology and physiology of the lower Trypanosomatidae. Microbiology Reviews, 44, 140–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mebrathu, Y. B., Lawyer, P. G., Pamba, H., Koech, D., Perkins, P. V., Roberts, C. R., Were, J. B. & Hendricks, L. D. (1992). Biochemical character-ization and zymodeme classification of Leishmania isolates from patients, vectors, and reservoir hosts in Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 47, 852–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyes, H., Pratlong, F., Chance, M., Ellis, J., Lanotte, G. & Dedet, J. P. (2002). A previously unclassified trypanosomatid responsible for human cutaneous lesions in Martinique (French West Indies) is the most divergent member of the genus Leishmania ss. Parasitology, 124, 17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco, R. S., Ferreira, M. S., Machado, M. I., Brito, C. M. M., Pires, M. Q., Da-Cruz, A. M. & Coutinho, S. G. (1998a). Chagas' disease and HIV co-infection: genotypic characterization of the Trypanosoma cruzi strain. Memórias do Instituto Oszvaldo Cruz, 93, 165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco, R. S., Marzochi, M. C. A., Pires, M. Q., Brito, C. M. M., Madeira, M. F. & Barbosa-Santos, E. G. O. (1998b). Parasite genotypically related to a monoxenous trypanosomatid of dog's flea causing opportunistic infection in an HIV positive patient. Memórias do Instituto Oszvaldo Cruz, 93, 531–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha, A., Meneses, A. O. C., Silva, A. M., Ferreira, M. S., Nishioka, A. S., Burgarelli, M. K. N., Almeida, E., Turcatto, G. Jr, Metze, K. & Lopes, E. R. (1994). Pathology of patients with Chagas' disease and acquired immunodeficiency syn-drome. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 50, 261–268.
   Google Scholar
• Sabbatani, S., Isquierdo Calzado, A., Ferro, A., Lopez Goudlaby, A. M., Borghi, V., Zanchetta, G. P. & Varnier, O. E. (1991). Atypical leishmaniasis in an HIV-2-seropositive patient from Guinea-Bissau. AIDS, 5, 899–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartori, A. M. C., Sotto, M. N., Almeida Braz, L. M., da Cruz Oliveira, O. Jr, Antunes Patzina, R., Alci Barone, A. & Shikanai-Yasuda, M. A. (1999). Reactivation of Chagas disease manifested by skin lesions in a patient with AIDS. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93, 631–632.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, N., O'Bryan L., Medeiros, E., Holand, H., Suleiman, J., de Mendonca, J. S., Patronas, N., Reed, S. G., Klein, H. G., Masur, H. & Badaro, R. (1999). Trypanosoma cruzi meningoencephalitis in HIV-infected patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 20, 342–349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tieszen, K. L. & Molyneux, D. H. (1989). Trans-mission and ecology of trypanosomatid flagellates of water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Journal of Protozoology, 36, 519–523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization (1984). The Leishmaniases: Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No. 701. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar