Increase in the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in urban Algiers (Algeria) following the 2003 earthquake

References

• Abranches, P., Silva-Pereira, M. C., Conceiçáo-Silva, F. M., Santos-Gomes, G. M. & Janz, J. G. (1991). Canine leishmaniasis: pathological and ecological factors influencing transmission of infection. Journal of Parasitology, 77, 557–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abranches, P., Santos-Gomes, G. M. & Campino, L. (1993). Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Portugal. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 70, 349–355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Acedo Sánchez, C., Martin Sanchez, J., Vélez Bernal, I. D., Sanchis Marin, M. C., Louassini, M., Maldonado, J. A. & Morillas Marquez, F. (1996). Leishmaniasis eco-epidemiology in the Alpujarra region (Granada province, southern Spain). International Journal for Parasitology, 26, 303–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisa, M. J., Castillejo, S., Gallego, M., Fisa, R., Riera, M. C., de Colmenares, M., Torras, S., Roura, X., Sentis, J. & Portus, M. (1998). Diagnostic potential of western blot analysis of sera from dogs with leishmaniasis in endemic areas and significance of the pattern. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 58, 154–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvar, J., Cañavate, C., Molina, R., Moreno, J. & Nieto, J. (2004). Canine leishmaniasis. Advances in Parasitology, 57, 1–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvar Ezquerra, P. J. (1997). Las Leishmaniasis: de la Biologia al Control. Zamora, Spain: Heraldo de Zamora.
   Google Scholar
• Bader, K. A., Schnur, L. F., Nasereddin, A., Pratlong, F., Dedet, J. P., Shaheen, L., Yousef, O. & Greenblatt, C. L. (2005). Palestinian infantile visceral leishmaniasis caused by a genetic variant of Leishmania infantum belonging to a new zymodeme. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10, 618–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belazzoug, S. (1987). La leishmaniose canine en Algérie. Maghreb Veterinaire, 3, 11–13.
   Google Scholar
• Benikhlef, R., Harrat, Z., Toudjine, M., Djerbouh, A., Bendali-Braharn, S. & Belkaid, M. (2004). Présence de Leishmania infantum MON-24 chez le chien. Médecine Tropicale, 64, 381–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berrahal, F., Mary, C., Roze, M., Berenger, A., Escoffier, K., Larnouroux, D. & Dunan, S. (1996). Canine leishmaniasis: identification of asymptomatic carriers by polymerase chain reaction and immuno-blotting. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55, 273–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulle, B., Millon, L., Bart, J. M., Gallego, M., Gambarelli, F., Portus, M., Schnur, L., Jaffe, C. L., Fernandez-Barredo, S., Alunda, J. M. & Piarroux, R. (2002). Practical approach for typing strains of Leishmania infantum by microsatellite analysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 3391-3397.
   Google Scholar
• Cabral, M., O'Grady, J. & Alexander, J. (1992). Demonstration of Leishmania specific cell mediated and humoral immunity in asymptomatic dogs. Parasite Immunology, 14, 531–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campino, L. (2002). Reservoirs and leishmaniasis: epidemiology and disease. In Leishmania, ed. Farrel, J. P. pp. 45-57. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso, L., Santos, H., Cordeiro-da-Silva, A., Pratlong, F., Dedet, J. P. & Rodrigues, M. (2002). Leishmania infantum MON-98: infection in a dog from Alto Douro, Portugal. Acta Tropica, 83, 83–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso, L., Rodrigues, M., Santos, H., Schoone, G. J., Carreta, P., Varejdo, E., van Benthem, B., Afonso, M. O., Alves-Pires, C., Semido-Santos, S. J., Rodrigues, J. & Schallig, H. D. (2004). Sero-epidemiological study of canine Leishmania spp. infection in the municipality of Alijo (Alto Douro, Portugal). Veterinary Parasitology, 121, 21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chicharro, C., Morales, M. A., Serra, T., Ares, M., Salas, A. & Alvar, J. (2002). Molecular epidemiology of Leishmania infantum on the island of Majorca: a comparison of phenotypic and genotypic tools. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96 (Suppl. 1), S93-S99.
   Google Scholar
• Dantas-Torres, F. (2007). The role of dogs as reservoirs of Leishmania parasites, with emphasis on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Veterinary Parasitology, 149, 139–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedet, J. P. & Addadi, K. (1984). Les phlebotomes (Diptera, Psychodidae) d'Algerie. Cahiers O. R. S. T. O. M., Serie Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie, 22, 99–127.
   Google Scholar
• Dedet, J. P., Osman, F. B., Chadli, A., Croset, H. & Rioux, J. A. (1973). Le leishmaniose canine en Tunisia. Fréquences actuelles de l'enzootie d'apres une enquete séro-immunologique. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 48, 653–660.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deplazes, P., Grimm, F., Papaprodromou, M., Cavaliero, T., Gramiccia, M., Christofi, G., Christofi, N., Economides, P. & Eckert, J. (1998). Canine leishmaniosis in Cyprus due to Leishmania infantum MON 1. Acta Tropica, 71, 169–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dereure, J., Velez, I. D., Pratlong, F., Denial, M., Lardi, M., Moreno, G., Serres, E., Lanotte, G. & Rioux, J. A. (1986). La leishmaniose visceral auto-chtone au Maroc méridional. Présence de Leishmania infantum MON-1 chez le chien en zone présahari-enne. In Leishmania. Taxonomie et Phylogenese. Applications Eco-épidémiologiques, ed. Rioux, J. A. pp. 421-425. Montpellier,France: InstitutMéditerraneen d'Etudes Epidemiologiques et Ecologiques.
   Google Scholar
• Dereure, J., Rioux, J. A., Khiami, A., Pratlong, F., Perieres, J. & Martini, A. (1991). Ecoepidemiologie des leishmanioses en Syria. 2. Présence, chez le chien, de Leishmania infantum Nicolle et Leishmania tropica(Wright)(KinetoplastidaTrypanosomatidae). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 66, 252–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dereure, J., Pratlong, F. & Dedet J. P. (1999). Geographical distribution and identification of para-sites causing canine leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin. In Canine Leishmaniasis: an Update. Proceedings of the International Canine Leishmaniasis Forum. Barcelona, Spain - 1999, ed. Killick-Kendrick, R pp. 18-25. Wiesbaden, Germany: Hoechst Roussel Vet.
   Google Scholar
• Desjeux, P. (2002). Urbanization of leishmaniasis. In Canine Leishmaniasis: Moving Towards a Solution. Proceedings of the Second International Canine Leishmaniasis Forum. Sevilla, Spain - 2002, ed. Killick-Kendrick, R. pp. 49-55. Boxmeer, The Netherlands: Intervet.
   Google Scholar
• El Harith, A., Slappendel, R. J., Reiter, I., van Knapen, F., de Korte, P., Huigen, E. & Kolk, A. H. J. (1989). Application of a direct agglutination test for detection of specific anti-Leishmania anti-bodies in the canine reservoir. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 27,2252-2257.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Pérez, F. J., Méndez, S., de la Fuente, C., Cuquerella, M., Gomez, M. T. & Alunda, J. M. (1999). Value of western blotting in the clinical follow-up of canine leishmaniasis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11, 170-173.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira Ede, C., de Lana, M., Carneiro, M., Reis, A. B., Paes, D. V., da Silva, E. S., Schallig, H. & Gontijo, C. M. (2007). Comparison of serological assays for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishma-niasis in animals presenting different clinical mani-festations. Veterinary Parasitology, 146, 235–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer, L. M. (1999). Clinical aspect of canine leishmaniasis. In Canine Leishmaniasis: an Update. Proceedings of the International Canine Leishmaniasis Forum. Barcelona, Spain - 1999, ed. Killick-Kendrick, R. pp. 6-10. Wiesbaden, Germany: Hoechst Roussel Vet.
   Google Scholar
• Ferroglio, E., Centaro, E., Mignone, W. & Trisciuoglio, A. (2007). Evaluation of an ELISA rapid device for the serological diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dog as compared with immunofluorescence assay and western blot. Veterinary Parasitology, 144, 162–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisa, R, Gállego, M., Castillejo, S., Aisa, M. J., Serra, T., Riera, C., Carrio, J., Gállego, J. & Porrns, M. (1999). Epidemiology of canine leishma-niosis in Catalonia (Spain): the example of the Priorat focus. Veterinary Parasitology, 83, 87–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• França-Silva, J. C., da Costa, R. T., Siqueira, A. M., Machado-Coelho, G. L., da Costa, C. A., Mayrink, W., Vieira, E. P., Costa, J. S., Genaro, O. & Nascimento, E., (2003). Epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the endemic area of Montes Claros municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 111, 161-173.
   Google Scholar
• Gállego, M., Pratlong, F., Fisa, R., Riera, C., Rioux, J. A., Dedet, J. P. & Porrns, M. (2001). The life-cycle of Leishmania infantum MON-77 in the Priorat (Catalonia, Spain) involves humans, dogs and sandflies; also literature review of distribution and hosts of L. infantum zymodemes in the Old World. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95, 269–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradoni, L. (1999). Epizootiology of canine leishma-niasis in southern Europe. In Canine Leishmaniasis: an Update. Proceedings of the International Canine Leishmaniasis Forum. Barcelona, Spain - 1999, ed. Killick-Kendrick, R. pp. 32-36. Wiesbaden, Germany: Hoechst Roussel Vet.
   Google Scholar
• Gradoni, L. (2002). The diagnosis of canine leishma-niasis. In Canine Leishmaniasis: Moving Towards a Solution. Proceedings of the Second International Canine Leishmaniasis Forum. Sevilla, Spain - 2002, ed. Killick-Kendrick, R. pp. 7-14. Boxmeer, The Netherlands: Intervet.
   Google Scholar
• Gradoni, L., Gramiccia, M., Leger, N., Pesson, B., Madulo-Leblond, G., Killick-Kendrick, R., Killick-Kendrick, M. & Walton, B. C. (1991). Isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania from man, dog and sandflies in the Maltese islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 85, 217–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M., Maazoun, R., Lanotte, G., Rioux, J. A., le Blancq, S., Evans, D. A., Peters, W., Bettini, S., Gradoni, L. & Pozio, E. (1982). Typage enzymatique de 11 souches de Leishmania isolées en Italie continentale, a partir de formes viscerales murines, canines and vulpines. Mise en evidence d'un variant enzymatique chez le renard ( Vulpes vulpes) et le chien. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 57, 527-531.
   Google Scholar
• Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L., di Martino, L., Romano, R. & Ercolini, D. (1992). Two syntopic zyrnodemes of Leishmania infantum cause human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Naples area, Italy. Acta Tropica, 50, 357-359.
   Google Scholar
• Guimarães, K. S., Batista, Z. S., Dias, E. L., Guerra, R. M., Costa, A. D., Oliveira, A. S., Calabrese, K. S., Cardoso, F. O., Souza, C. S., do Vale, T. Z., Gongalves da Costa, S. C. & Abreu-Silva, A. L. (2005). Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Sao José de Ribamar, Maranháo state, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 131, 305-309.
   Google Scholar
• Haralambous, C., Dakkak, A., Pratlong, F., Dedet, J. P. & Soteriadou, K. (2007). First detection and genetic typing of Leishmania infantum MON-24 in a dog from the Moroccan Mediterranean coast: genetic diversity of MON-24. Acta Tropica, 103, 69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrat, Z. (2006). Etude de la leishmaniose canine dans différents biotopes écologiques en Algérie. Doctoral thesis, Institut Vétérinaire d'El Taref, El Taref, Algeria.
   Google Scholar
• Harrat, Z. & Belkaid, M. (2002). Co-infection leish-maniose visceral-SIDA en Algérie. Santé Algeria, 7, 37-38.
   Google Scholar
• Harrat, Z., Izarouel, S., Belkaid, M. & Tabet-Derraz, O. (1993). Fluctuations saisonniéres des phlébotomes de la region d'Alger et sa banlieue. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 59, 245–255.
   Google Scholar
• Harrat, Z., Pratlong, F., Belazzoug, S., Dereure, J., Deniau, M., Rioux, J. A., Belkaid, M. & Dedet, J. P. (1996). L. infantum and L. major in Algeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 625–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iniesta, L., Fernandez-Barredo, S., Bulle, B., Gómez, M. T., Piarroux, R., Gallego, M., Alunda, J. M. & Portds, M. (2002). Diagnostic techniques to detect cryptic leishmaniasis in dogs. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 9, 1137-1141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Killick-Kendrick, R. (1999). The biology of phleboto-mine sand flies. Clinical Dermatology, 17, 279–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutinas, A. F., Polizopoulou, Z. S., Saridomichelakis, M. N., Argyriadis, D., Fytianou, A. & Plevraki, K. G. (1999). Clinical considerations on canine visceral leishmaniasis in Greece: a retrospective study of 158 cases (1989-1996). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 35, 376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanotte, G., Rioux, J. A., Croset, H. & Vollhardt, Y. (1975). Ecologie de la leishmaniose dans le sud de la France. VIII. Complement a l'application epidemio-logique de la technique d'immunofluorescence: les titres geometriques et arithmetiques moyens dans la leishmaniose canine. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 50, 1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemaire, G., Sergent, E. & l'Heritier, A. (1913). Recherche sur le leishmaniose du chien d'Alger. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 4, 554-563.
   Google Scholar
• Loufrani, G. (1949). Les épidémiologies du kala-azar dans le monde. Contribution a Nude de la leishmaniose générale du chien a Alger. Pharmacy thesis, Algiers.
   Google Scholar
• Maazoun, R., Lanotte, G., Pasteur, N., Rioux, J. A., Kennou, M. F. & Pratlong, F. (1981). Ecology of leishmaniasis in southern France. 16. Contribution to the chemotaxonomy of parasites of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Apropos of 55 strains isolated in the Cevennes, Cote d'Azur, Corsica and Tunisia. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 56, 131-146.
   Google Scholar
• Mancianti, F., Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L. & Pieri, S. (1988). Studies on canine leishmaniasis control. 1. Evolution of infection of different clinical forms of canine leishmaniasis following antimonial treatment. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82, 566–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Sánchez, J., Lepe, J. A., Toledo, A., Ubeda, J. M., Guevara, D. C., Morillas-Marquez, F. & Gramiccia, M. (1999). Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum enzymatic variants causing canine leishma-niasis in the Huelva province (south-west Spain). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93, 495-496.
   Google Scholar
• Mary, C., Lamouroux, D., Dunan, S. & Quilici, M. (1992). Western blot analysis of antibodies to Leishmania infantum antigens: potential of the 14-kD and 16-kD antigens for diagnosis and epidemio-logic purposes. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 47, 764-771.
   Google Scholar
• Mettler, M., Grimm, F., Capelli, G., Camp, H. & Deplazes, P. (2005). Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochroma-tographic-dipstick and gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 5515–5519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, S., Roura, X., Picado, A., Ferrer, L. & Ramis, A. (2008). Characterization of sex, age, and breed for a population of canine leishmaniosis diseased dogs. Research in Veterinary Science, 85, 35-38.
   Google Scholar
• Molina, R., Amela, C., Nieto, J., San-Andres, M., Gonzalez, F., Castillo, J. A., Lucientes, J. & Alvar, J. (1994). Infectivity of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum to colonized Phlebotomus perni-ciosus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 491–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira, M. A., Luvizotto, M. C., Garcia, J. F., Corbett, C. E. & Laurenti, M. D. (2007). Comparison of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in dogs with different clinical signs. Veterinary Parasitology, 145, 245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, J. & Alvar, J. (2002). Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model. Trends in Parasitology, 18, 399-405.
   Google Scholar
• Nasereddin, A., Ereqat, S., Azmi, K., Baneth, G., Jaffe, C. L. & Abdeen, Z. (2006). Serological survey with PCR validation for canine visceral leishmaniasis in northern Palestine. Journal of Parasitology, 92, 178–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neogy, A. B., Vouldoukis, I., Silva, O . A., Tselentis, Y., Lascombe, J. C., Segalen, T., Rzepka, D. & Monjour, L. (1992). Serodiagnosis and screening of canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Corsica: applicability of a direct agglutination test and immunoblot analysis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 47, 772-777.
   Google Scholar
• Nuwayri-Salti, N., Nasr, R., Haddad, K., Chamat, S. & Usta, J. (1997). Canine leishmaniasis in northern Lebanon. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 91, 221–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ok, U. Z., Balcio lu, I. C., Taylan Ozkan, A., Ozensoy, S. & Ozbel, Y. (2002). Leishmaniasis in Turkey. Acta Tropica, 84, 43-48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orndorff, G. R., Cooper, B. A., Smith, W. & Ryan, J. R. (2000). Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Sicily. Military Medicine, 165, 29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozensoy Toz, S., Sakru, N., Ertabaklar, H., Demir, S., Sengul, M. & Ozbel, Y. (2009). Serological and entomological survey of zoonotic visceral leishma-niasis in Denizli province, Aegean region, Turkey. New Microbiologica, 32, 93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamik-de-Sousa, C. B., dos Santos, W. R., Franca-Silva, J. C., da Costa, R. T., Reis, A. B., Palamik, M., Mayrink, W. & Genaro, O. (2001). Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65, 510-517.
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou, C., Kostoula, A., Dimitriou, D., Panagiou, A., Bobojianni, C. & Antoniades, G. (2005). Human and canine leishmaniasis in asymp-tomatic and symptomatic population in northwestern Greece. Journal of Infection, 50, 53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poul, J. (1950). Sur la frequence de la leishmaniose canine a Alger et sur la valeur diagnostique de la formol-gelification. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 28, 449–456.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pratlong, F., Portus, M., Rispail, P., Moreno, G., Bastien, P. & Rioux, J. A. (1989). Presence simulta-nee chez le chien de deux zymodemes du complexe Leishmania infantum. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 64, 312–314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pratlong, F., Rioux, J. A., Marty, P., Faraut-Gambarelli, F., Dereure, J., Lanotte, G. & Dedet, J. P. (2004). Isoenzymatic analysis of 712 strains of Leishmania infantum in the south of France and relationship of enzymatic polymorphism to clinical and epidemiological features. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 4077–4082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rioux, J. A., Lanotte, G., Serres, E., Pratlong, F., Bastien, P., Perieres, J. (1990). Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzyme. Suggestions for a new classification. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 65, 111–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondon, F. C., Bevilaqua, C. M., Franke, C. R., Barros, R. S., Oliveira, F. R., Alcantara, A. C. & Diniz, A. T. (2008). Cross-sectional serological study of canine Leishmania infection in Fortaleza, Ceara state, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 155, 24–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senevet, G. (1912). Sur la frequence de la leishmaniose canine a Alger et ses variations saisonnieres. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 5, 89–91.
   Google Scholar
• Sergent, E. & Sergent, E. (1910). Kala Azar. Existence de la leishmaniose chez les chiens d'Alger. Premiere note. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 3, 510–511.
   Google Scholar
• Shehata, M., El Sawaf, B., El Said, S., Doha, S., El Hosary, S., Kamal, H., Dereure, J., Pratlong, F. & Rioux, J. A. (1990). Leishmania infantum MON-98 isolated from dogs in El Agamy, Egypt. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84, 227-228.
   Google Scholar
• Sideris, V., Papadopoulou, G., Dotsika, E. & Karagouni, E. (1999). Asymptomatic canine leishmaniasis in Greater Athens area, Greece. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, 271–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solano-Gallego, L., Morell, P., Arboix, M., Alberola, J. & Ferrer, L. (2001). Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 560-563.
   Google Scholar
• Talmi-Frank, D., Strauss-Ayali, D., Jaffe, C. L. & Baneth, G. (2006). Kinetics and diagnostic and prognostic potential of quantitative western blot analysis and antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in experimental canine leish-maniasis. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 13, 271–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzamouranis, N., Schnur, L. F., Garifallou, A., Pateraki, E. & Serie, C. (1984). Leishmaniasis in Greece I. Isolation and identification of the parasite causing human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 78, 363–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaffaroni, E., Rubaudo, L., Lanfranchi, P. & Mignone, W. (1999). Epidemiological patterns of canine leishmaniasis in western Liguria (Italy). Veterinary Parasitology, 81, 11-19.
   Google Scholar
• Zivicnjak, T., MartinkoviC, F., MarinculiC, A., Mrljak, V., Kucer, N., Matijatko, V., Mihaljevié, Z. & Baria-Rafaj, R. (2005). A seroepidemiologic survey of canine visceral leishmaniosis among apparently healthy dogs in Croatia. Veterinary Parasitology, 131, 35–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar