Regional Integration and Specialization in the French Worsted Industry, 1810–1910: An Aspect of Industrialization in France

REFERENCES AND NOTES

• R. Roehl, ‘Britain and European Industrialization: Pathfinder Pursued?’, Review, VI (1983), 455–73. Recent surveys of the main works of revision in French economic history include R. Cameron and C. E.Freedman, ‘French Economic Growth: A Radical Revision’, Social Science History, VII (1983), 3–30 andR. Price, ‘Recent Work on the Economic History of Nineteenth-Century France’, Economic HistoryReview, XXXVII (1984), 417–34.
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• C. Trebilcock, The Industrialization of the Continental Powers 1780–1914 (London, 1981 ), pp. 197–98.
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• Ibid., 198.
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• R. Cameron, ‘A New View of European Industrialization’, Economic History Review, XXXVIII (1985 ),14·
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• See for example R. Price, Ope cit., 420; A. S. Milward and S. B. Saul, The Economic Development ofContinental Europe, 1780–1870 (London, 1979),360–61; and C. Heywood, ‘The Role o(the Peasantry inFrench Industrialization’, Economic History Review, XXXIV (1981),364.
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• Eighteenth century data do not often distinguish between woollens and worsteds; in general, woollenswere more common in the south and worsteds in the north of France.
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• T. J. Markovitch, Les industries lainieres de Colbert a la Revolution (Geneva, 1976),459. B Ibid., 492–93.
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• For the early development of mechanised worsted spinning in France see C. Ballot, L’introduction dumachinisme dans l’industriefranfaise (Paris, 1923 ),35,217–18; L. Bergeron, ‘Douglas, Ternaux, Cockerill:aux origines de la mecanisation de l’industrie lainiere en France’, Revue Historique, CCXLVII (1972), 67–80;and G. Clause, ‘L’industrie lainiere remoise a l’epoque napoleonienne’, Revue d’histoire moderne etcontemporaine, XVII (1972),574–95.
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• A point noted by C. Ballot, Opecit., 223.
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• Exposition Universe lie de 1851: Travaux de la commissionfranfaise (Paris, 1854), IV, 175–91.
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• Ibid. and A. L. Dunham, The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815–1848 (New York, 1955 ), pp. 281, 339–43·
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• For worsted spindleage in Paris see Exposition des produits de l’industrie franfaise en 1839: Rapport duJury Central, I (Paris, 1839),29.
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• Statistique de l’industrie a Paris (Paris, 1851 ), pp. 369–70 and Statistique de la France, 1861–65 (Nancy,1873), pp. xx-xxi.
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• Compare with the decline of the cotton industry. See D. Pinkney, ‘Paris capitale du coton sous Iepremier empire’, Annales: E.S.C. (1950 ), pp. 56–60; C. Fohlen,L’industrie textile au temps du second empire(Paris, 1956), pp. 161; Statistique de l’industrie a Paris (Paris, 1851), p. 367; and M. Levy-Leboyer, Lesbanques europeennes et l’industrialisation internationale dans Ia premiere moitie du XIXe siecle (Paris, 1964),pp.58–59.
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• Bulletin de Ia Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse, XXI (1849), 256 and M. Levy-Leboyer, Opecit., p. 163.
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• Between 1844 and 1871, the average capacity of a worsted spinning mill in Alsace increased nearly 6times from 4,800 spindles per mill to 26,102 spindles per mill- see M. Levy-Leboyer, Opecit., p. 163 andHistoire documentaire de l’industrie de Mulhouse et de ses environs auXIXe siecle (Mulhouse, 1902), p. 1005.
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• In 1861, for example, Alsace accounted for only 601 of the country’s worsted spindleage -M. Chevalier, ed., Exposition Universelle de 1867 it Paris: Rapports duJury International, IV (Paris, 1868),114. For machine innovation and production see Enquete parlementaire sur Ie regime economique, II (Paris,1870),248; A. L. Dunham, Opecit., pp. 276–77, 432; and Histoire documentaire de l’industrie a Mulhouse etde ses environs auXIXe siecle (Mulhouse, 1902),472–73.
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• Archives Departementales de la Marne (hereafter ADM), 187M17; A. L. Dunham, Opecit., pp. 152–54,344; and C. Moreau-Berillon, Le Mouton en Champagne (Paris, 1909).
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• The manufacturers of worsted yarn and cloth captured most of the top prizes at the French exhibitionsof 1834, 1839and 1849. See C. Dupin, Rapport duJury Central sur lesproduits de l’industriefranfaise exposesen 1834 (Paris, 1836), II, 17–19; Exposition des produits de I’industrie franfaise en 1839: Rapport du JuryCentral (Paris, 1839), I, 29–37; II, 30–31; Rapport du Jury Central sur les produits de l’agriculture et deI’industrie exposes en 1849, III (Paris, 1850), 6–1 I .
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• A. Falleur, L’industrie lainiere dans la region de Fourmies (Paris, 1930 ), pp. 20–21.
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• Archives Departementales du Nord (hereafter ADN), M547/5 and A. Falleur, Opecit., p. 25.
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• A. Falleur, Opecit., p. 25 and Exposition Universelle de 1851, Opecit., p. 153.
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• The population of Fourmies in 1851 was 3,360; that of Reims was 43,643 and that of Roubaix was34,698 - Annuaire Statistique du Departement du Nord (1852) and Statistique de Ia France: Resultats dudenombrement de la population en 1856 (Paris, 1856), p. xx.
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• M. Levy-Leboyer, Opecit., p. 127.
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• Ibid., p. 167 and M. Raman, ‘Mesure de la croissance d’un centre textile: Roubaix de 1789 a 1913’, Revue d’histoire economique et sociale, LI (1973), 480.
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• M. Raman, art. cit., pp. 476,482,499–500. Many cotton mills were reequipped for worsted productionin 1837 and 1839- C. FoWen, Opecit., pp. 94–96 and T. Leuridan, Histoire de Roubaix (Roubaix, 1864),v, 148, 156. The rapidity with which entrepreneurs in Roubaix shifted between cotton and worsted is givenprominence in accounting for Roubaix’s rapid rise in textile production. See, for example, C. Fohlen,’Esquisse d’une evolution industrielle: Roubaix au XIXe siecle’, Revue du Nord, XXXIII (1951), pp. 92–102and D. Landes, ‘Religion and Enterprise: The Case of the French Textile Industry’ in E. C. Carter, et al.,Enterprise and Entrepreneurs in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century France (London, 1976), pp. 41–86.
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• Estimated from data in M. Levy-Leboyer, Opecit., p. 167; M. Raman, art. cit., p. 482; and Statistiquede Ia France, I (Paris, 1847),40–43.
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• C. Fohlen, Opecit., pp. 234,260 and T. Leuridan, Opecit., pp. 148, 156.
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• M. Levy-Leboyer, Opecit., 166 and C. Fohlen, art. cit., 96.
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• Estimated from data in ADN, M54715; Statistique de la France, 1861–65, Ope cit., p. xlix; andA. Chanut et al., ‘Aspects industriels de la crise: Ie departement du Nord’, in E. Labrousse, Aspects de lacrise et de la depression de l’economiefranfaise au milieu duXIXe siecle, 1846–1851 (La Roche-sur- Yon, 1956),P·97·
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• Exposition Universelle de 1851, Opecit., p. 155.
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• Calculated from A. Falleur, Ope cit., p. 25; Exposition Universelle de 1851, Ope cit., p. 194; ADN,M547/5; M. Raman, art. cit., p. 482.
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• The mechanization of combing in France is the subject of K. Honeyman and J. Goodman, Technologyand Enterprise: Isaac Holden and the Mechanisation of Woolcombing in France, 1848 –1914 (forthcoming,1986).
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• In France, the first machine comb to be extensively used was invented by Josue Heilmann anddeveloped by Nicolas Schlumberger in Alsace in the late 1840’S - for further information see Ibid.
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• Ministere du commerce, de l’industrie, des postes et telegraphes, etc., Rapport General sur l’industriefranfaise; sa situation, son avenir, I (Paris, 1919), 539.
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• Around 1900, there were approximately 60 worsted spindles per capita in Fourmies while in Bradford,by comparison, the figure was 10 worsted spindles per capita - Bradford Chamber of Commerce Reports,Statistics Relating to the City of Bradford and the Woollen and Worsted Trades to the Year 1902 (Bradford,1903), pp. 36, 39 and D. T. Jenkins and K. G. Ponting, The British Wool Textile Industry, 1770–1914 (London, 1982 ), pp. 169.
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• Ministere du commerce, de l’industrie, Opecit., p. 539.
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• A. Falleur, Ope cit., pp. 25,26.
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• In 1910, an average worsted mill in Fourmies had a spinning capacity of 14,950 spindles - Ibid. andMinistere de commerce, de l’industrie, Opecit., p. 539. The corresponding figure for Roubaix in 1913 was15,964 spindles-ADN, M653/44; M. Raman, art. cit., p. 499.
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• E nquete parlementaire sur Ie regime economique, II (Paris, 1870), 246, 247.
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• Ibid.
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• A. Falleur, Ope cit., p. 29.
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• E. Lefevre, L’industrie lainiere actuelle (Paris, 1912 ), p. 279.
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• Calculated from A. Falleur, Ope cit., pp. 25, 30, 42 and M. Alcan, Fabrication des etoffes: Traite dutravail des laines peignees (Paris, 1873 ), p. 658.
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• Ibid.
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• In 1910, Roubaix had 308,000 worsted spindles as compared to 100,000 at mid-century; Tourcoing had475,000 spindles -ADN, M653/36/44/46, M572/21; and Ministere de commerce, de l’industrie, Opecit.,P·539·
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• Within 10 years of their first appearance in Roubaix, specialist combing factories were the largestconcerns in the city employing on average 120 workers per factory; spinning and weaving factoriesemployed about 80 workers each on average. The largest combing factory in 186o, Isaac Holden et Fils,located, just on the outskirts of Roubaix, employed about 600 workers-ADN, M653124–28.
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• Rapports sur l’administration et la situation des affaires de la ville de Roubaix pendant l’annee (1901), p. 235and n.51 below.
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• C. Fohlen, ’art. cit., p. 101 and United Kingdom, Foreign Office: Consular Reports, 27 (1887) 27.
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• Ministere de commerce, de l’industrie, Ope cit., 539; Rapports sur l’administration et la situation desaffaires de la ville de Roubaix pendant l’annee (1903), p. 267; A. Goblet, Le peignage de la laine a Roubaix-Tourcoing et son evolution economique et sociale (Lille, 1903 ), pp. 8I, 107 and J. H. Clapham, The Woollen andWorsted Industries (London, 1907), p. 224. For weaving seeADN, M572/8 andE. Lefevre, Opecit., p. 279.
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• Worsted spindleage in Reims fluctuated around 150,000 spindles during the second half of thenineteenth century - E. Lefevre, Histoire economique de la laine (Reims, 1906 ), p. 231; ADM, 172M3,186MI6/17; and Ministere de commerce et de l’industrie, Opecit., p. 539.
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• M. S. Smith, Tariff Refonn in France, 1860–1900 (London, 1980 ), pp. 223, 224.
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• M. Hau, ‘Un cas de desequilibre regional: la Champagne’, in C. Gras and G. Livet, Regions etregionalisme en France duXVIIIe siecle a nosjours (Paris, 1977 ), p. 183.
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• At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were only three woolcombing factories in Reims -E. Lefevre, L’industrie lainiere actuelle (Paris, 1912 ), p. 235.
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• ADM, 191M4.
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• ADM, 186M13. In 1880, only 11% of worsted spindleage were in specialist mills and 16% of all powerlooms were in specialist weaving factories-ADM, 87M62. 1902data from J. H. Clapham, Opecit., p. 226.
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• See above, n.55.
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• Ministere de commerce et de l’industrie, Opecit., p. 539.
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• Compare with views expressd on regional development in S. Pollard, ed., Region und I ndustrialisierung(Gottingen, 1980 ), pp.22–30; S. Pollard, Peaceful Conquest (Oxford, 1981); F. B. Tipton Jr, RegionalVariations in the Economic Development of Gennany During the Nineteenth Century (Middletown, Conn.,1976); and P. Bairoch and M. Levy-Leboyer, Disparities in Economic Development since the IndustrialRevolution (London, 1981).
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