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Original Articles

Immigrants and Apprentices: Solutions to the Post-War Labour Shortage in the West Yorkshire Wool Textile Industry, 1945–1980

References

  • Huddersfield Daily Examiner, 11 September 2012.
  • Ibid.
  • Executive Committee Minute Book, 18 January 1958, National Union of Dyers, Bleachers and Textile Workers, WYB123/1/4/1/6, West Yorkshire Archive Service, Bradford (WYAS).
  • Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. Wool Industry Bureau of Statistics — The Wool Textile Delegation, no. 1, January 1950, p. 6; Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. Wool Industry Bureau of Statistics — The Confederation of British Wool Textiles Limited, no. 483, January 1990, p. 4.
  • Hansard Parliamentary Debates, Textile Industry, written answers, 20 February 1947. Available from: hansard.millbanksystems.com [Accessed: 27 September 2012]; Hansard Parliamentary Debates, Consumer Goods (Shortages), 26 June 1947. Available from: hansard.millbanksystems.com [Accessed: 27 September 2012].
  • Hansard Parliamentary Debates, Industrial Development, Yorkshire, 19 June 1963. Available from: hansard.millbanksystems.com [Accessed: 27 September 2012]; Hansard Parliamentary Debates, Regional Policies, 8 March 1973. Available from: hansard.millbanksystems.com [Accessed: 27 September 2012].
  • J. Tomlinson, The Politics of Decline: Understanding Post-War Britain (Harlow: Longman, 2001), pp. 9–10. See also C. G. Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800–2000 (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 170.
  • J. C. R. Dow and L. A. Dicks-Mireaux, ‘The excess demand for labour: a study of conditions in Great Britain, 1946–1956’, Oxford Economic Papers, new series, x, no. 1 (1958), pp. 12, 15.
  • P. Addison, No Turning Back: The Peacetime Revolutions of Post-War Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 60.
  • Hansard Parliamentary Debates, Consumer Goods (Shortages), 26 June 1947. Available from: hansard.millbanksystems.com [Accessed: 27 September 2012].
  • B. Jackson, Working Class Community: Some General Notions Raised by a Series of Studies in Northern England (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), pp. 76–78, 99; S. Winyard, Trouble Looming: Low Pay in the Wool Textile Industry (London: Low Pay Unit, 1980), pp. 26–27.
  • Winyard, Trouble Looming, pp. 33–34.
  • D. Jenkins, ‘Wool textiles in the twentieth century’, in D. Jenkins ed., The Cambridge History of Western Textiles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 993.
  • Ibid., p. 995.
  • Ibid., p. 996.
  • Ibid, p. 1003; M. T. Wild, ‘The Yorkshire wool textile industry’, in J. Geraint Jones ed., The Wool Textile Industry in Great Britain (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 228.
  • Jenkins, ‘Wool textiles in the twentieth century’, p. 997.
  • Wild, ‘The Yorkshire wool textile industry’, p. 231.
  • I. Hardill, ‘The recent restructuring in the British wool textile industry’, Geography, lxxv, no. 3 (1990), p. 205.
  • Jenkins, ‘Wool textiles in the twentieth century’, pp. 1008, 1014; Hardill, ‘The recent restructuring’, p. 205; J. Harrop, ‘Made-made fibres since 1945’, in Jenkins ed., The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, p. 948.
  • L. Sandberg, ‘Cotton since 1914’, in Jenkins ed., The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, pp. 972–73.
  • J. Singleton, ‘Showing the white flag: the Lancashire cotton industry, 1945–65’, Business History, xxxii, no. 4 (1990), pp. 129–30.
  • J. Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap: The Cotton Industry, 1945–1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press / The Pasold Research Fund, 1991), pp. 48–50, 168.
  • R. Fevre, Cheap Labour and Racial Discrimination (Aldershot: Gower, 1984), pp. 19–20.
  • Ibid., p. 55.
  • B. G. Cohen and P. J. Jenner, ‘The employment of immigrants: a case study within the wool industry’, Race, x, no. 1 (1968), pp. 43–45.
  • Ibid., pp. 51–53.
  • Interview C0104, 14 April 1987, Bradford Heritage Recording Unit, Bradford Central Library; Interview 020, 15 January 1986; Interview 031, 5 February 1986, both Kirklees Oral History Sound Archive, Huddersfield Library.
  • Fevre, Cheap Labour, p. ix.
  • In 1966 the West Midlands were home to 14.9 per cent of all Indians in Britain and 19.3 per cent of all Indians. London housed 33.9 per cent of all Indians in Britain and 22 per cent of Pakistanis. In neither region were either group as clustered industrially as in the West Riding. N. Deakin with B. Cohen and J. McNeal, Colour, Citizenship and British Society: Based on the Institute of Race Relations Report (London: Panther Books, 1970), p. 61.
  • Interview A0008, undated, Bradford Heritage Recording Unit, Bradford Central Library.
  • M. Duffield, Black Radicalism and the Politics of De-Industrialisation: The Hidden History of Indian Foundry Workers (Aldershot: Avebury, 1988), p. 11; V. S. Kalra, From Textile Mills to Taxi Ranks: Experiences of Migration, Labour and Social Change (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), p. 93.
  • Fevre, Cheap Labour, pp. 19–20.
  • Cohen and Jenner, ‘The employment of immigrants’, p. 42; Fevre, Cheap Labour, p. 21.
  • Cohen and Jenner, ‘The employment of immigrants’, p. 52.
  • Interview 031, 5 February 1986, Kirklees Oral History Sound Archive, Huddersfield Library; K. Burrell, Moving Lives: Narratives of Nation and Migration among Europeans in Post-War Britain (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p. 41.
  • Interview 031, 5 February 1986, Kirklees Oral History Sound Archive, Huddersfield Library.
  • Interview, E. O., 23 August 2010, in author’s possession.
  • D. Kay and R. Miles, Refugees or Migrant Workers? European Volunteer Workers in Britain, 1946–1951 (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 67–71.
  • J. Zubrzycki, Polish Immigrants in Britain: A Study of Adjustment (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1956), p. 58; Kay and Miles, Refugees or Migrant Workers?, p. 1.
  • Kay and Miles, Refugees or Migrant Workers?, p. 1.
  • Ibid., p. 68.
  • Cohen and Jenner, ‘The employment of immigrants’, p. 43.
  • Ibid.
  • P. Jackson, ‘The racialisation of labour in post-war Bradford’, Journal of Historical Geography, xviii, no. 2 (1992), p. 199.
  • Interview C0104, 14 April 1987; Interview C0123, 8 September 1987, both Bradford Heritage Recording Unit, Bradford Central Library.
  • M. Anwar, The Myth of Return: Pakistanis in Britain (London: Heinemann, 1979), p. 106; Jackson, ‘The racialisation of labour in post-war Bradford’, p. 197.
  • Interview A0041, 1 February 1984, Bradford Heritage Recording Unit, Bradford Central Library; Jackson, ‘The racialisation of labour in post-war Bradford’, p. 194.
  • Fevre, Cheap Labour, p. 81.
  • The Observer, 16 March 1969.
  • The Guardian, 25 April 1968.
  • The Times, 1 June 1954.
  • Fevre, Cheap Labour, p. 106.
  • S. Lukes, Power: A Radical View (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, second edition, 2005), p. 28.
  • Interview 031, 5 February 1986, Kirklees Oral History Sound Archive, Huddersfield Library; Interview C0123, 8 September 1987; Bradford Heritage Recording Unit, Bradford Central Library.
  • Interview C0104, 14 April 1987, Bradford Heritage Recording Unit, Bradford Central Library.
  • C. Wrigley, Cosy Co-Operation under Strain: Industrial Relations in the Yorkshire Woollen Textile Industry, 1919–1930 (York: Borthwick Papers no. 71, 1987), p. 12.
  • Winyard, Trouble Looming, p. 8; Hardill, ‘The recent restructuring’, p. 208.
  • D. Finegold and D. Soskice, ‘The failure of training in Britain: analysis and prescription’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, iv, no. 3 (1988), p. 23.
  • The Crowther Report, 15 to 18: A Report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1959). Available from: www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/crowther/crowther1-28.html [Accessed: 26 September 2012].
  • Fevre, Cheap Labour, p. 57.
  • Yorkshire Council of Further Education, County Advisory Committee: Textile Industries, Notes of Meeting Held on 21 June 1944, 3D86/20/5/31; Scheme for the Vocational Training of Disabled Persons within the Wool Textile Industry, March 1945, 3D86/20/5/30; Meeting between Wool (and Allied) Textile Employers’ Council, National Association of Unions in the Textile Trades and Ministry of Labour, 15 September 1944, 3D86/20/5/30, all WYAS.
  • Yorkshire Council for Further Education, County Advisory Committee: Textile Industries, Notes of Meeting Held on 21 June 1944, 3D86/20/5/31, WYAS.
  • Wool (and Allied) Textile Employers’ Council Recruitment and Education Department, Suggested Training Scheme for Juvenile and Young Persons Entering the Wool Textile Industry at Operative Level, 1947, 3D86/20/9/1, WYAS.
  • Recommended Scheme of Training for Apprentices, Overlookers and Tuners, 1951, 3D86/20/9/1, WYAS.
  • Ibid.
  • Wool (and Allied) Textile Employers’ Council, Apprenticeship Arrangements for the Wool Textile Industry, Explanatory Note, 14 October 1957, 3D86/20/5/43; Wool (and Allied) Textile Employers’ Council and National Association of Unions in the Textile Trades, Minutes of a Meeting of the Joint Recruitment and Training Committee, 18 March 1958, 3D86/20/5/43, both WYAS.
  • Wool (and Allied) Textile Employers’ Council, Apprenticeship Arrangements for the Wool Textile Industry, Explanatory Note, 14 October 1957, 3D86/20/5/43, WYAS.
  • Ibid.
  • Wool (and Allied) Textile Employers’ Council and National Association of Unions in the Textile Trades, Minutes of a Meeting of the Joint Recruitment and Training Committee, 16 September 1957, 3D86/20/5/43, WYAS.
  • Letter enclosing number of school-leavers in the West Riding, 1953–1956, 3D86/20/9/1, WYAS.
  • Wool (and Allied) Textile Employers’ Council and National Association of Unions in the Textile Trades, Minutes of a Meeting of the Joint Recruitment and Training Committee, 4 February 1952, 3D86/20/9/1, WYAS; Wool (and Allied) Textile Employers’ Council, Recruitment, Education and Training Department booklet, Where Does Your Clothing Grow?, undated, WYAS.
  • Programme for apprentices conference, ‘Responsibility in Industry: Where Does Youth Fit in?’, 4, 11 and 18 November 1957, Fountain Hall, Bradford, 3D86/20/9/1, WYAS.
  • Ibid.
  • Brochure for RET Conference, ‘Textiles and Training in a Changing World’, September 1962, 3D86/20/5/36, WYAS.
  • Ibid.
  • Yorkshire Association of Power Loom Overlookers, Visits and Lectures, 1962, 3D86/20/5/61, WYAS.
  • Bradford Technical College Weaving Apprenticeship Results, 1958–1959, 3D86/20/5/36, WYAS.
  • ‘Courses for Apprentices in the Wool Textile Industry’, Yorkshire Council for Further Education Leaflet, 1953, 3D86/20/5/36, WYAS.
  • For example, Interview 177, 8 May 1986, Kirklees Oral History Sound Archive, Huddersfield Library, merely states: ‘I went to Dewsbury Technical and Art College’; Interview 192, 5 August 1986, Kirklees Oral History Sound Archive, Huddersfield Library, says: ‘I went to be a designer at Joshua Ellis’s’, giving no further details.
  • Interview, D. R., 18 December 2010, in author’s possession.
  • Ibid.
  • Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Wool Industry Bureau of Statistics — The Wool Textile Delegation, no. 121, January 1960, p. 7; Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Wool Industry Bureau of Statistics — The Wool Textile Delegation, no. 241, January 1970, p. 7.
  • Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap, p. 52.
  • L. Lee Downs, Manufacturing Inequality: Gender Division in the French and British Metalworking Industries, 1914–1939 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 2; K. Honeyman, Women, Gender and Industrialisation in Britain, 1700–1870 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 52.
  • S. Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p. 191.
  • D. Fowler, Youth Culture in Modern Britain, c. 1920–c. 1970: From Ivory Tower to Global Movement — A New History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 142–43.
  • Lukes, Power: A Radical View, p. 28.
  • K. Whitston, ‘Craftsmen and skilled workers in engineering, 1914–64’, Labour History Review, lxxvi, no. 3 (2011), p. 207.
  • E. Hobsbawm, ‘The labour aristocracy in nineteenth-century Britain’, in J. Saville ed., Democracy and the Labour Movement: Essays in Honour of Dona Torr (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1954), pp. 202, 210.
  • Wool Industry Training Board, Report and Statement of Accounts for the Period Ended 31st March 1965 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1965), p. 1.
  • J. Tomlinson, ‘The decline of the empire and the economic “decline” of Britain’, Twentieth Century British History, xiv, no. 3 (2003), pp. 201–02.
  • Finegold and Soskice, ‘The failure of training in Britain’, pp. 21–23.
  • The Crowther Report, 15 to 18.
  • Hansard Parliamentary Debates, Multi-Fibre Arrangement, 9 December 1988. Available from: hansard.millbanksystems.com [Accessed: 27 September 2012].
  • Wool Industry Training Board, Report and Statement of Accounts for the Period Ended 31st March 1965 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966), pp. 5–6.
  • Ibid., p. 10.
  • Wool, Jute and Flax Industry Training Board, Minutes of 15th Meeting of Board, 28 November 1966, 3D86/20/5/65, WYAS.
  • Wool Industry Training Board, Report and Statement of Accounts for the Period Ended 31st March 1966 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966), p. ix.
  • Ibid., p. 10.
  • Wool, Jute and Flax Industry Training Board, Agenda for Meeting on 2 May 1966, 3D86/20/11/8, WYAS.
  • Wool, Jute and Flax Industry Training Board, Report and Statement of Accounts for the Period Ended 31st March 1967 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1967), p. 11.
  • Wool, Jute and Flax Industry Training Board, Report and Statement of Accounts for the Period ended 31st March 1968 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1968), pp. 8–10.
  • Wool, Jute and Flax Industry Training Board, Agenda for Meeting on 9 July 1968, 3D86/20/11/9, WYAS; Wool, Jute and Flax Industry Training Board, Agenda for Meeting on 7 July 1970, 3D86/20/11/11, WYAS.
  • Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. Wool Industry Bureau of Statistics, no. 363, January 1980, p. 6.
  • Downs, Manufacturing Inequality, pp. 2–4, 79.
  • Lukes, Power: A Radical View, p. 28.
  • Downs, Manufacturing Inequality, p. 6.

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