326
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Studies

The effects of Class I and II sized bovids on macrofracture formation and tool displacement: Results of a trampling experiment in a southern African Stone Age context

&
Pages 238-251 | Published online: 12 Nov 2013

References

  • Agogino GA, Frankforter WD. 1960. “A Paleo-Indian Bison-Kill in Northwestern Iowa,” American Antiquity 25: 414–415.
  • Arndt S, Newcomer M. 1986. “Breakage Patterns on Prehistoric Bone Points: An Experimental Study,” in , Roe D,ed., Studies in the Upper Palaeolithic of Britain and Northwest Europe. BAR International Series 296. Oxford: B.A.R., 165–173.
  • Backwell L, d’Errico F, Wadley L. 2008. “Middle Stone Age Bone Tools from the Howiesons Poort Layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa,” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1566–1580.
  • Bamforth DB, Bleed P. 1997. “Technology, Flaked Stone Technology, and Risk,” Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 7: 109–139.
  • Barton RNE, Bergman CA. 1982. “Hunters at Hengistbury: Some Evidence from Experimental Archaeology,” World Archaeology 14: 237–248.
  • Behrensmeyer AK, Gordon KD, Yanagi GT. 1986. “Trampling as a Cause of Bone Surface Damage and Pseudo-Cutmarks,” Nature 319: 768–771.
  • Bergman CA, Newcomer MH. 1983. “Flint Arrowhead Breakage: Examples from Ksar Akil, Lebanon,” Journal of Field Archaeology 10: 921–947.
  • Blasco R, Rosell J, Peris JFernández, Cáceres I, Vergès JM. 2008. “A New Element of Trampling: An Experimental Application on the Level XII Faunal Record of Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain),” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1605–1618.
  • Bordes F. 1961. “Mousterian Cultures in France: Artifacts from Recent Excavation Dispel Some Popular Misconceptions About Neanderthal Man,” Science 134: 803.
  • Bradfield J. 2011. Macrofracture Analysis as a Method for Identifying Bone-Tipped Weapons: A Functional Approach to the Recognition of Stone Age Hunting Points. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing.
  • Bradfield J, Lombard M. 2011. “A Macrofracture Study of Bone Points Used in Experimental Hunting with Reference to the South African Middle Stone Age,” South African Archaeological Bulletin 66: 67–76.
  • Brain CK. 1974. “Some Suggested Procedures in the Analysis of Bone Accumulations from Southern African Quaternary Sites,” Annals of the Transvaal Museum 29: 1–7.
  • Brain CK. 1981. The Hunters or the Hunted: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Brown KS, Marean CW, Herries AIR, Jacobs Z, Tribolo C, Braun D, Roberts DL, Meyer MC, Bernatchez J. 2009. “Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans,” Science 325: 859.
  • Cochrane GWG. 2008. “A Comparison of Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age Blades from South Africa,” Journal of Field Archaeology 33: 1–20.
  • Coles JM. 1997. Experimental Archaeology. London: Academic Press.
  • Cook J. 1986. “The Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy to Taphonomic and Archaeological Problems,” in , Roe D,ed., Studies in the Upper Palaeolithic of Britain and Northwest Europe. BAR International Series 296. Oxford: B.A.R., 143–162.
  • Cotterell B, Kamminga J. 1987. “The Formation of Flakes,” American Antiquity 52: 675–708.
  • Cotterell B, Kamminga J. 1979. “The Mechanics of Flaking,” in , Hayden B,ed., Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. New York: Academic Press, 97–112.
  • Cotterell B, Kamminga J. 1992. The Mechanics of Pre-Industrial Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Crombé P, Perdaen Y, Sergant J, Caspar JP. 2001. “Wear Analysis on Early Mesolithic Microliths from the Verrebroek Site, East Flanders, Belgium,” Journal of Field Archaeology 28: 253–269.
  • Currey JD. 1979. “Mechanical Properties of Bone Tissues with Greatly Differing Functions,” Journal of Biomechanics 12: 313–319.
  • Deacon H. 1976. “Where Hunters Gathered: A Study of Stone Age People in the Eastern Cape,” South African Archaeological Society Monographs 1. Claremont: South African Archaeological Society.
  • Deacon HJ, Deacon J. 1999. Human Beginnings in South Africa: Uncovering the Secrets of the Stone Age. Cape Town: David Phillip.
  • Deacon J. 1984. The Later Stone Age of Southernmost Africa. BAR International Series 123. Oxford: B.A.R.
  • d’Errico F, Henshilwood C. 2007. “Additional Evidence for Bone Technology in the Southern African Middle Stone Age,” Journal of Human Evolution 52: 142–163.
  • Dobson PS, Wilman H. 1963. “Friction and Wear and Their Relationship in Abrasion of a Single Crystal of Brittle Nature,” British Journal of Applied Physics 14: 132–136.
  • Dockall JE. 1997. “Wear Traces and Projectile Impact: A Review of the Experimental and Archaeological Evidence,” Journal of Field Archaeology 24: 321–331.
  • Domanski M, Webb JA. 1992. “Effect of Heat Treatment on Siliceous Rocks Used in Prehistoric Lithic Technology,” Journal of Archaeological Science 19: 601–614.
  • Domanski M, Webb JA, Boland J. 1994. “Mechanical Properties of Stone Artifact Materials and the Effects of Heat Treatment,” Archaeometry 36: 177–208.
  • Dominguez-Rodrigo M, de Juana S, Galan AB, Rodriguez M. 2009. “A New Protocol to Differentiate Trampling Marks from Butchery Cut Marks,” Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 2643–2654.
  • Eren MI, Durant A, Neudorf C, Haslam M, Shipton C, Bora J, Korisettar R, Petraglia M. 2010. “Experimental Examination of Animal Trampling Effects on Artifact Movement in Dry and Water Saturated Substrates: A Test Case from South India,” Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 3010–3021.
  • Fiorillo AR. 1989. “An Experimental Study of Trampling Implications for the Fossil Record,” in , Bonnichsen R, Sorg M H,eds., Bone Modification. Dexter: Thompson-shore, 30–45.
  • Fischer A, Jansen PVemming, Rasmussen P. 1984. “Macro and Micro Wear Traces on Lithic Projectile Points: Experimental Results and Prehistoric Examples,” Journal of Danish Archaeology 3: 19–46.
  • Fisher JW. 1995. “Bone Surface Modifications in Zooarchaeology,” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 7–68.
  • Frison GC. 1971. “The Bison Pound in Northwestern Plains Prehistory,” American Antiquity 36: 77–91.
  • Frison GC. 1974. The Casper Site: A Hell Gap Bison Kill on the High Plains. New York: Academic Press.
  • Galàn AB, Rodrìguez M, de Juana S, Domìnguez-Rodrigo M. 2009. “A New Experimental Study on Percussion Marks and Notches and Their Bearing on the Interpretation of Hammerstone-Broken Faunal Assemblages,” Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 776–784.
  • Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Kindler L, Rabinovich R, Goren-Inbar N. 2010. “Testing Heterogeneity in Faunal Assemblages from Archaeological Sites: Tumbling and Trampling Experiments at the Early-Middle Pleistocene Site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (Israel),” Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 3170–3190.
  • Gifford-Gonzalez DP, Behrensmeyer AK. 1977. “Observed Formation and Burial of a Recent Human Occupation Site in Kenya,” Quaternary Research 8: 245–266.
  • Goodwin AJH. 1945. “Some Historical Bushmen Arrows,” South African Journal of Science 61: 429–443.
  • Guthrie RD. 1983. “Osseous Projectile Points: Biological Considerations Affecting Raw Material Selection and Design Among Paleolithic and Paleoindian Peoples,” in , Clutton-Brock J, Grigson C,eds., Animals and Archaeology 1: Hunters and Their Prey. BAR International Series 163. Oxford: Archaeopress, 273–294.
  • Hayden B. 1979. Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. New York: Academic Press.
  • Henshilwood C, d’Errico F, Marean C, Milo R, Yates R. 2001. “An Early Bone Tool Industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: Implications for the Origin of Modern Human Behaviour, Symbolism and Language,” Journal of Human Evolution 41: 631–678.
  • Hill A. 1986. “Tools, Teeth and Trampling,” Nature 319: 719–721.
  • Inskeep RR. 1987. “Nelson Bay Cave, Cape Province, South Africa: The Holocene Levels,” BAR International Series 351. Oxford: B.A.R.
  • Keeley LH. 1980. Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses: A Microwear Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Knecht H. 1997. “Projectile Points of Bone, Antler and Stone: Experimental Explorations of Manufacture and Use,” in , Knecht H,ed., Projectile Technology. London: Plenum Press, 193–212.
  • Lawn BR, Marshall DB. 1979. “Mechanisms of Microcontact Fracture in Brittle Solids,” in , Hayden B, ed., Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. New York: Academic Press, 63–82.
  • Lawrence RA. 1979. “Experimental Evidence for the Significance of Attributes Used in Edge-Damage Analysis,” in , Hayden B,ed., Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. New York: Academic Press, 113–121.
  • LeMoine GM. 1994. “Use Wear on Bone and Antler Tools from the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories,” American Antiquity 59: 316–334.
  • Letourneux C, Petillon JM. 2008. “Hunting Lesions Caused by Osseous Projectile Points: Experimental Results and Archaeological Implications,” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2849–2862.
  • Lombard M. 2005. “A Method for Identifying Stone Age Hunting Tools,” The South African Archaeological Bulletin 60: 115–120.
  • Lombard M. 2007. “Evidence for Change in Middle Stone Age Hunting Behaviour at Blombos Cave: Results of a Macrofracture Analysis,” The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 62: 62–67.
  • Lombard M. 2008. “Finding Resolution for the Howiesons Poort Through the Microscope: Micro-Residue Analysis of Segments from Sibudu Cave, South Africa,” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 26–41.
  • Lombard M. 2011. “Quartz-Tipped Arrows Older Than 60 ka: Further Use-Trace Evidence from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa,” Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 1918–1930.
  • Lombard M, Clark J. 2008. “Variability and Change in Middle Stone Age Hunting Behaviour: Aspects from the Lithic and Faunal Records,” in , Badenhorst S, Mitchell P, Driver J C,eds., Animals and People: Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug. BAR International Series 1849. Oxford: Archaeopress, 46–56.
  • Lombard M, Pargeter J. 2008. “Hunting with Howiesons Poort Segments: Pilot Experimental Study and the Functional Interpretation of Archaeological Tools,” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2523–2531.
  • Lombard M, Parsons I. 2008. “Blade and Bladelet Function and Variability in Risk Management During the Last 2000 Years in the Northern Cape,” South African Archaeological Bulletin 63: 18–27.
  • Lombard M, Parsons I, Ryst MMvan der. 2004. “Middle Stone Age Lithic Point Experimentation for Macro-Fracture and Residue Analyses: The Process and Preliminary Results with Reference to Sibudu Cave Points,” South African Journal of Science 100: 159–166.
  • Lombard M, Phillipson L. 2010. “Indications of Bow and Stone-Tipped Arrow Use 64,000 Years Ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa,” Antiquity 84: 635–648.
  • Lyman RL. 1996. Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McBrearty S, Bishop L, Plummer T, Dewar R, Conard N. 1998. “Tools Underfoot: Human Trampling as an Agent of Lithic Artifact Edge Modification,” American Antiquity 63: 108–129.
  • Mitchell PJ. 1988. “The Late Pleistocene Early Microlithic Assemblages of Southern Africa,” World Archaeology 20: 27–39.
  • Nielsen AE. 1991. “Trampling the Archaeological Record: An Experimental Study,” American Antiquity 56: 483–503.
  • Odell G. 1981. “The Mechanics of Use and Breakage on Stone Tools: Some Testable Hypotheses,” Journal of Field Archaeology 8: 197–209.
  • Odell G, Cowan F. 1986. “Experiments with Spears and Arrows on Animal Targets,” Journal of Field Archaeology 13: 195–212.
  • Opperman H. 1987. The LSA of the Drakensberg Range and its Foothills. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 19. BAR International Series 339. Oxford: B.A.R.
  • Outram AK. 2005. “Publishing Archaeological Experiments: A Quick Guide for the Uninitiated,” EuroREA 2: 107–109.
  • Outram AK. 2008. “Introduction to Experimental Archaeology,” World Archaeology 40: 1–6.
  • Pargeter J. 2007. “Howiesons Poort Segments as Hunting Weapons: Experiments with Replicated Projectiles,” South African Archaeological Bulletin 62: 147–153.
  • Pargeter J. 2011. “Assessing the Macrofracture Method for Identifying Stone Age Hunting Weaponry,” Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 2882–2888.
  • Parkington JE. 1984. “Changing Views of the Later Stone Age of South Africa,” Advances in World Archaeology 3: 89–142.
  • Petillon J-.M, Bignon O, Bodu P, Cattelain P, Debout G, Langlais M, Laroulandie V, Plisson H, Valentin B. 2011. “Hard Core and Cutting Edge: Experimental Manufacture and Use of Magdalenian Composite Projectile Tips,” Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 1266–1283.
  • Pokines J. 1998. “Experimental Replication and Use of Cantabrian Lower Magdalenian Antler Projectile Points,” Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 875–886.
  • Reynolds PJ. 1999. “The Nature of Experiment in Archaeology,” in , Harding A F,ed., Experiment and Design: Archaeological Studies in Honour of John Coles. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 156–162.
  • Schiffer MB. 1972. “Archaeological Context and Systemic Context,” American Antiquity 37: 156–165.
  • Schweitzer FR. 1979. “Excavations at Die Kelders, Cape Province, South Africa: The Holocene Deposits,” Annals of the South African Museum 78: 101–233.
  • Seetah K. 2008. “Modern Analogy, Cultural Theory and Experimental Replication: A Merging Point at the Cutting Edge of Archaeology,” World Archaeology 40: 135–150.
  • Shea JJ, Klenck JD. 1993. “An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Trampling on the Results of Lithic Microwear Analysis,” Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 175–194.
  • Shipman P. 1981. Life History of a Fossil. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Shott MJ. 1998. “Status and Role of Formation Theory in Contemporary Archaeological Practice,” Journal of Archaeological Research 6: 299–329.
  • Tringham R, Cooper G, Odell G, Voytek B, Whitman A. 1974. “Experimentation in the Formation of Edge Damage: A New Approach to Lithic Analysis,” Journal of Field Archaeology 1: 171–196.
  • Turner G. 1986. “Faunal Remains from Jubilee Shelter, Transvaal,” The South African Archaeological Bulletin 41: 63–68.
  • Tyzzer EE. 1936. “The ‘Simple Bone Point’ of the Shell-Heaps of the Northeastern Algonkian Area and its Probable Significance,” American Antiquity 1: 261–279.
  • van Gijn A. 2010. Flint in Focus: Lithic Biographies in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
  • Villa P, Courtin J. 1983. “The Interpretation of Stratified Sites: A View from Underground,” Journal of Archaeological Science 10: 267–281.
  • Villa P, Boscato P, Ranaldo F, Ronchitelli A. 2009. “Stone Tools for the Hunt: Points with Impact Scars from a Middle Paleolithic Site in Southern Italy,” Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 850–859.
  • Villa P, Soriano S, Teyssandier N, Wurz S. 2010. “The Howiesons Poort and MSA III at Klasies River Main Site, Cave 1A,” Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 630–655.
  • Wadley L. 1987. Later Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers of the Southern Transvaal: Social and Ecological Interpretation. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 25. BAR International Series 380. Oxford: B.A.R.
  • Wadley L. 1993. “The Pleistocene Later Stone Age South of the Limpopo River,” Journal of World Prehistory 7: 243–297.
  • Wadley L. 1996. “The Robberg Industry of Rose Cottage Cave, Eastern Free State: The Technology, Spatial Patterns and Environment,” The South African Archaeological Bulletin 51: 64–74.
  • Wadley L. 2010. “Compound-Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age,” Current Anthropology 51: 111–119.
  • Wadley L, Binneman J. 1995. “Arrowheads or Penknives? A Microwear Analysis of Mid-Holocene Stone Segments from Jubilee Shelter, Transvaal,” South African Journal of Science 91: 153–155.
  • Wadley L, Mohapi M. 2008. “A Segment is Not a Monolith: Evidence from the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu, South Africa,” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2594–2605.
  • Webb J, Domanski M. 2009. “Fire and Stone,” Science 325: 820.
  • Yaroshevich A, Kaufman D, Nuzhnyy D, Bar-Yosef O, Weinstein-Evron M. 2010. “Design and Performance of Microlith Implemented Projectiles During the Middle and the Late Epipaleolithic of the Levant: Experimental and Archaeological Evidence,” Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 368–388.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.