Relationship between brain temperature, brain chemistry and oxygen delivery after severe human head injury: The effect of mild hypothermia

References

• Marion DW, ObristW D, Carlier PM, Penrod LE, Darby JM. The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: A preliminary report. JNeurosurg 1993; 79: 354–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz C, Ho lzschuh M, Bein T, Woertgen C, Frey A, Frey I, Taeger K, Brawanski A. Moderate hypothermia in patients with severe head injury: Cerebral and extracerebra I effects. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: 533–541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifton GL, Jiang JY, Lyeth BG, Jenkins LW, Hamm RJ, Hayes RL. Marked protection by moderate hypothermia after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 114–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifton GL, Allen 5, Berry J, Koch SM. Systemic hypothermia in treatment of brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1992; 9 (Suppl. 2): S489-5495
   Google Scholar
• Marion DW. Hypothermia in severe head injury. EurJ Anaesthesiol 2000; 17 (Suppl. 18): 45-46
   Google Scholar
• Clifton GL. Systemic hypothermia in treatment of severe brain injury: A review and update. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12: 923–927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunberg JA, Reilly EL, Doty DB. Central nervous system consequences in infants of cardiac surgery using deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Circulation 1974; 50 (Suppl. 2): 1160-1168
   Google Scholar
• Busto R, Globus MYT, Dietrich DW, Martinez E, Valdes I, Ginsberg MD. Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmittrs and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke 1989; 20: 904–910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Globus MYT, Alonso O, Dietrich DW, Busto R, Ginsberg MD. Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: Effects of posttraumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem 1995; 65: 1704–1711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovda DA, Lee SM, Smith ML, von Stuck ML, Bergsneider M, Kelly D, Shalmon E, Martin N, Caron M, Mazziottra J, Phelps M, Becker DP. The neurochemical and metabolic cascade following brain injury. Moving from animal models to man. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12: 903–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitani A, Kadoya F, Kataoka K. Temperature dependence of hypoxia-induced calcium accumulation in gerbil hippocampal slices. Brain Res 1991; 562: 159–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siesjö BK. Cell damage in the brain: A speculative synthesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981; 1: 155–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zauner A, Bullock R, Di X, Young HF. Brain oxygen, CO2, pH and temperature monitoring: Evaluation in the feline brain. Neuro-surgery 1995; 37: 1168–1177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zauner A, Doppenberg EMR, Woodward JJ, Allen C, Jebralli 5, Young HF, Bullock R. Mu ltiparamehic continuous monitoring of brain metabolism and substrate delivery in neurosurgical patients. Neurol Res 1997; 19: 265–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson L, Hillered L. Chemical monitoring of neurosurgical intensive care patients using intracerebral microdialysis. J Neuro-surg 1992; 76: 72–80
   Google Scholar
• Soukup J, Zauner A, Doppenberg EMR, Menzel M, Gilman C, Bullock R, Young HF. The importance of brain temperature in patients after severe head injury. Relationshipto ICP, CPP, cerebral blood flow and outcome. J Neurotrauma (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Dings J, Meixensberger J, Amschler J, Hamelbeck B, Roosen K. Brain tissue p02 in relation to cerebral perfusion pressure, TCD findings and TCD—0O2-reactivity after severe head injury. Acta Neurochir 1996; 138: 425-434
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman WE, Charbel FT, Edelman G. Brain tissue oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in neurosurgical patients at risk for ischemia. Anaesth Analg 1996; 82: 582–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Santbrink H, Maas AS, Avezaat CB. Continuous monitoring of partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1996; 38: 21–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zauner A, Doppenberg EMR, Woodward JJ, Choi SC, Young HF, Bullock R. Continuous monitoring of cerebral substrate delivery and clearance: Initial experience in 24 patients with severe acute brain injury. Neurosurgery 1997; 41: 1082–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zauner A, Doppenberg EMR, Soukup J, Menzel M, Young HF, Bullock R, Extended neuromonitoring: New therapeutic opportu-nities? Neurol Res 1998; 20 (Suppl. 1): S85-590
   Google Scholar
• Siesjö BK. Brain Energy Metabolism, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1978
   Google Scholar
• Steen PA, Newberg L, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD. Hypothermia and barbiturates: Individual and combined effects on canine cerebral oxygen consumption. Anesthesiology 1983; 58: 527-532
   Google Scholar
• Wilford DC, Hill EP, Moores WY. Theoretical analysis of oxygen transport during hypothermia. JClin Monit 1986; 2: 30–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilford DC, Hill EP, Moores WY. Theoretical analysis of optimal p50. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 1043–1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dexter F, Kern F, Hindmann BJ, Greeley WJ. The brain uses mostly dissolved oxygen during profoundly hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63: 1725–1729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumprtl H, Heinrich U, Lubbers WD. Oxygen supply of the blood-free perfused guinea-pig brain in normo- and hypothermia measured by the local distribution of oxygen pressure. Pflügers Arch 1989; 414: 228–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger H, Heubner S. Local oxygen tension and spike activity of the cerebral grey matter of the rat and its response to short intervals of 02 deficiency or CO2 excess. Pflügers Arch 1977; 370: 201–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [libbers DW. Meaning of the tissue oxygen distributicn curve and its measurement by means of Pt electrodes. Prog Resp Res 1969; 3: 112–123
   Google Scholar
• Nair P, Whalen WJ, Buerk D. P02 of cat cerebral cortex: Response to breathing N2 and 100% 02. Micro vasc Res 1975; 9: 158–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennessen TI. Biological basis for pCO2 as a detector of ischemia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41: 659–669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Choi SC, NewIon PG, Young HF. Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe brain injury: The elusive role of ischemia. J Neurosurg 1991; 75: 685–693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellerin L, Magistretti PJ. Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: A mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glycose utilisation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 10625–10629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beneviste H. The exotoxin hypothesis in relation to cerebral ischemia. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1991; 3: 213–245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siesjö BK. Mechanism of ischemic brain damage. Crit Care Med 1988; 16: 954–963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich DW. The importance of brain temperature in cerebral injury. J Neurotrauma 1992; 9 (Suppl. 2): S475—S485
   Google Scholar
• Kramer RS, Sanders AP, Lesage AM, Woodall B, Sealy KC. The effect of profound hypothermia on preservation of cerebral ATP content during circulatory arrest. I Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1968; 56: 699–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin BL, Busto R, Globus MYT, Martinez E, Ginsberg MD. Brain temperature modulations during global ischemia fail to influence extracellular lactate levels in rats. Stroke 1995; 26: 1634–1638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nata le JE, D'Alacy LG. Protection from cerebral ischemia by brain cooling without reduced lactate accumulation in dogs. Stroke 1989; 20: 770–777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilford DC, Hill EP, White FC, Moores WY. Decreased critical mixed venous oxygen tension and critical oxygen transport during induced hypothermia in pigs. JClin Monk 1986; 2: 155–168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hindtfelt B. The prognostic significance of subfebrility and fever in ischemic cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 53: 72–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseaux P, Scherpereel B, Bernard MH, Graftieaux JP, Guyot JF. Fever and cerebral vasospasm in ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 1980; 14: 459–465
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busto R, Dietrich WD, Globus MY-T, Valdes I, Scheinberg G, Ginsberg MD. Small differences in intra-ischemic brain tempera-ture critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987; 7: 729–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longmuir IS. The effect of hypothermia on the affinity of tissues for oxygen. Life Sci 1962; 7: 297–300
   Google Scholar
• Wieloch T, Lindvall O, Blomquist P, Gage FH. Evidence for amelioration of ischemic neuronal damage in the hippocampal formation by lesions of the perforant path. Neurol Res 1985; 7: 24–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spetzler RF, Hadly MN, Rigamonti D, Carger LP, Raudzens PA, Shedd SA, Wilkinson E. Aneurysms of the basilar artery treated with circulatoryarrest, hypothermia and barbiturate cerebral protection. I Neurosurg 1988; 68: 868–879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock R, Zauner A, Tsuji O, WoodwardJ J, Marmarou AT, Young HF. Patterns of excitatory amino acid release and ionic flux after severe head trauma. In: Tsubokawa T, et al. eds. Neurochemical Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit, Tokyo: Springer-Verlag, 1995: pp. 64-77
   Google Scholar
• Lyeth BG, Jiang JY, Liu S. Behavioral protection by moderate hypothermia initiated after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1993; 10: 57–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar