Publication Cover
Neurological Research
A Journal of Progress in Neurosurgery, Neurology and Neurosciences
Volume 28, 2006 - Issue 6: Impact of Heart Disease and Stroke on Alzheimer’s Disease
333
Views
89
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

How do heart disease and stroke become risk factors for Alzheimer's disease?

Pages 637-644 | Published online: 02 Dec 2013

REFERENCES

  • Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Bureau of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1269–1276
  • Ebbell B. The Papyrus Ebers. The Greatest Egyptian Medical Document, Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1937
  • de la Torre JC. Hemodynamics of deformed microvessels in Alzheimer's disease brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 826: 75–91
  • Young R, Worthley LI. Current concepts in the management of heart failure. Crit Care Resusc 2004; 6: 31–53
  • Newman MF, Croughwel I ND, Blumenthal JA, et al. Effect of aging on cerebral autoregulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Association with postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Circulation 1994; 90 (Pt. 2): 11243–11249
  • de la Torre JC. Is Alzheimer &s disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma and dialectics. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 184–190
  • de la Torre JC. Alzheimer's disease as a vascular disorder: Nosological evidence. Stroke 2002; 33: 1152–1162
  • Lee TA, Wolozin B, Weiss KB, et al. Assessment of the emergence of Alzheimer's disease following coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Alzheimer Dis 2005; 7: 319–324
  • Degirmenci B, Durak H, Hazan E, et al. The effect of coronary artery bypass surgery on brain perfusion. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 587–91
  • Gunaydin B, Babacan A. Cerebral hypoperfusion after cardiac surgery and anesthetic strategies: A comparative study with high dose fentanyl and barbiturate anesthesia. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 4: 12–17
  • Ott A, Breteler MM, de Bruyne MC, et al. Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population-based study. The Rotterdam Study. Stroke 1997; 28: 316–321
  • Forti P, Maioli F, Pisacane N, et al. Atrial fibrillation and risk of dementia in non-demented elderly subjects with and without mild cognitive impairment. Neurol Res 2006; in press
  • Gomez CR, McLaughlin JR, Njemanze PC, et al. Effect of cardiac dysfunction upon diastolic cerebral blood flow. Angiology 1992; 43: 625–630
  • Murgatroyd FD, Camm AJ. Atrial arrhythmias. Lancet 1993; 341: 1317–1322
  • Corder E, Ervin JF, Lockhart E, et al. Cardiovascular damage in Alzheimer disease: Autopsy findings from the Bryan ADRC. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005; 2005: 189–197
  • Pasquier F, Henon H, Leys D. [Risk factors and mechanisms of post-stroke dementia]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1999; 155: 749–753
  • Boudoulas KD, Sparks EA, Rittgers SE, et al. Factors determining left atrial kinetic energy in patients with chronic mitral valve disease. Herz 2003; 28: 437–444
  • Sparks DL, Hunsaker J, Scheff S, et al. Cortical senile plaques in coronary artery disease, aging and Alzheimer's disease, Neurobiol Aging 1990; 11: 601-607
  • Launer U, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, et al. The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA 1995; 274: 1846–1851
  • Elias MF, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, et al. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: The Framingham Study. Am] Epidemiol 1993; 138: 353–364
  • Launer Li, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, et al. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21: 49–55
  • Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996; 347: 1141–1145
  • Qiu C, von Strauss E, Fastbom J, et al. Low blood pressure and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project: A 6-year follow-up study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 223–228
  • Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: Longitudinal, population based study. BMJ 2001; 322: 1447–1451
  • Wu C, Zhou D, Wen C, et al. Relationship between blood pressure and Alzheimer's disease in Linxian County, China. Life Sci 2003; 72: 1125–1133
  • Guo Z, Fratiglioni L, Zhu L, et al. Occurrence and progression of dementia in a community population aged 75 years and older: Relationship of antihypertensive medication use. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 991–996
  • Khachaturian AS, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, et al. Antihypertensive medication use and incident Alzheimer disease: The Cache County Study. Arch Neurol 2006; 63: 686–692
  • Mielke MM, Zandi PP, Blennow K, et al. Low serum potassium in mid life associated with decreased cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in late life. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20: 30–36
  • McCabe RD, Bakarich MA, Srivastava K, et al. Potassium inhibits free radical formation. Hypertension 1994; 24: 77–82
  • Young DB, Ma G. Vascular protective effects of potassium. Semin Nephrol 1999; 19: 477–486
  • Chen WT, Brace RA, Scott JB, et al. The mechanism of the vasodilator action of potassium. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972; 140: 820-824
  • Ramchandra R, Barrett CJ, Malpas SC. Nitric oxide and sympa-thetic nerve activity in the control of blood pressure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 32: 440–446
  • de la Torre JC, Stefano GB. Evidence that Alzheimer's disease is a microvascular disorder: Role of constitutive nitric oxide. Brain Res Rev 2000; 34:119–136
  • Pak T, Cadet P, Mantione KJ, et al. Morphine via nitric oxide modulates beta-amyloid metabolism: A novel protective mechan-ism for Alzheimer's disease. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: BR357—BR366
  • Franks PW. White-coat hypertension and risk of stroke: Do the data really tell us what we need to know? Hypertension 2005; 45: 183–184
  • Goodl in Si. Heart failure in the elderly. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2005; 3: 99–106
  • Zuccala G, Cattel C, Manes-Gravina E, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction: A clue to cognitive impairment in older patients with heart failure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63: 509–512
  • Polidori MC, Marvardi M, Cherubini A, et al. Heart disease and vascular risk factors in the cognitively impaired elderly: Implications for Alzheimer's dementia. Aging (Milano) 2001; 13: 231–239
  • Polidori CM, Mariani E, Mecocci P. Congestive heart failure and Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2006; in press
  • Rosemberg GA, Haaland RY. Cardiogenic dementia. Lancet 1981; ii: 1171
  • Alves TC, Rays J, Fraguas R, Jr, et al. Localized cerebral blood flow reductions in patients with heart failure: A study using 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. J Neuroimaging 2005; 15: 150–156
  • Alves TC, Busatto GF. Cerebral blood flow reductions, heart failure and Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2006; in press
  • Koide H, Kobayashi S, Kitani M, et al. Improvement of cerebral blood flow and cognitive function following pacemaker implanta-tion in patients with bradycardia. Gerontology 1994; 40: 79–85
  • Zuccala G, Onder G, Marzetti E, et at GIFA Study Group. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and variations in cogni-tive performance among patients with heart failure. Eur Heart] 2005; 26: 226–233
  • Breteler MB, Claus J, Grobbee D, et al. Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: The Rotterdam Study. BM] 1994; 308: 1604-1608
  • Sabbagh M, Zahiri HR, Ceimo J, et al. Is there a characteristic lipid profile in Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2004; 6: 585–589
  • Patatanian E, Gales MA. The future of statins: Alzheimer's disease? Consult Pharm 2005; 20: 663–673
  • Miida T, Takahashi A, Tanabe N, et al. Can statin therapy really reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease and slow its progression? Curr Opin Lipidol 2005; 16: 619–62368
  • Sjogren M, Blennow K. The link between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease. World] Biol Psychiatry 2005; 6: 85–97
  • Roher AE, Esh C, Kokjohn TA, et al. Circle of Willis Atherosclerosis69is a risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 2055–2062
  • Roher AE, Esh C, Rahman A, et al. Atherosclerosis of cerebral70arteries in Alzheimer disease. Stroke 2004; 35: 2623–2627
  • Honig LS, Kukull W, Mayeux R. Atherosclerosis and AD: Analysis of data from the US National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. 71Neurology 2005; 64: 494-500
  • Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MMB, et al. Atherosclerosis, apolipo-72protein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam study. Lancet 1997; 349: 151–154
  • Napoli C, Palinski W. Neurodegenerative diseases: Insights into73pathogenic mechanisms from atherosclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26: 293–302
  • Cacabelos R, Fernandez-Novoa L, Corzo L, et al. Phenotypic74profiles and functional genomics in Alzheimer's disease and in dementia with a vascular component. Neurol Res 2004; 26: 459–480
  • Gusti SI, Coteanu MI, Gusti AS. Study of the cerebral vascular Doppler velocimetry and EEG in a group of 18 cases of Alzheimer's disease. Rom] Physiol 2004; 41: 91–97
  • Kalback W, Esh C, Castano EM, et al. Atherosclerosis, vascular amyloidosis and brain hypoperfusion in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2004; 26: 525–539
  • de la Torre JC. Critically attained threshold of cerebral hypoperfu-sion: The CATCH hypothesis of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 903: 424–436
  • Vermeer SE, Prins ND, den Heijer T, et al. Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1215–1222
  • Barber R, Scheltens P, Gholkar A, et al. White matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies,80Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and normal aging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67: 66–7281
  • Ohyama M, Mizushige K, Ohyama H, et al. Carotid turbulent flow observed by convergent color Doppler flowmetry in silent cerebral infarction. Int.] Cardiovasc Imaging 2002; 18: 119–12482
  • Nakane H, lbayashi S, Fujii K, et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with silent brain infarction: Occult misery perfusion in the cerebral cortex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry831998; 65: 317–321
  • Yao H, Fujishima M. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in silent brain infarction and related cerebrovascular disorders. Ann Med 2001; 33: 98–10284
  • Cupini LM, Diomedi M, Placidi F, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity and subcortical infarctions. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 577–57885
  • Morris JC. Mild cognitive impairment and preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Geriatrics 2005; Suppl.: 9-14
  • Albers GW, Caplan LR, Easton JD, et al. Transient ischemic attack-86proposal for a new definition. N EngIJMed 2002; 347: 1713-1716
  • Rao R, Jackson S, Howard R. Neuropsychological impairment in stroke, carotid stenosis, and peripheral vascular disease, a comparison with healthy community residents. Stroke 1999; 30: 2167–2173
  • Lopez Gaston JI, Martin J, et al. [The evaluation of cognitive deterioration in transient ischemic attacks]. Neurologia 1993; 8: 171 —176
  • Bakker FC, Klijn CJ, van der Grond J, et al. Cognition and quality of life in patients with carotid artery occlusion: A follow-up study. Neurology 2004; 62: 2230–2235
  • Ruitenberg A, den Heiker T, Bakker SL, et al. Cerebral hypoperfu-sion and clinical onset of dementia: The Rotterdam study. Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 789–794
  • de la Torre JC. Critical threshold cerebral hypoperfusion causes Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 1999; 98: 1–8
  • Johnson KA, Jones K, Holman BL, et al. Preclinical prediction of Alzheimer's disease using SPECT. Neurology 1998; 50: 1563–1571
  • Meyer JS, Rauch G, Rauch RA, et al. Risk factors for cerebral hypoperfusion, mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21: 161–169
  • Akkawi NM, Borroni B, Agosti C, et al. Volume cerebral blood flow reduction in pre-clinical stage of Alzheimer disease: Evidence from an ultrasonographic study. J Neurol 2005; 252: 559–563
  • de la Torre JC, Mussivand T. Can disturbed brain microcirculation cause Alzheimer's disease? Neurol Res 1993; 15: 146–153
  • de la Torre JC, Fortin, T, Park G, et al. Chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency induces dementia-like deficits in aged rats. Brain Res 1992; 582: 186–195
  • de la Torre JC, Fortin T, Park G, et al. Aged but not young rats develop metabolic, memory deficits after chronic brain ischemia. Neurol Res 1992; 14:177–180
  • ladecola C. Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 347–360
  • Borroni B, Anchisi D, Paghera B, et al. Combined 99mTc-ECD SPECT and neuropsychological studies in MCI for the assessment of conversion to AD. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 24–31
  • Armstrong RA. Plaques and tangles and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Folia Neuropathol 2006; 44: 1–11
  • Lee HG, Petersen RB, Zhu X, et al. Will preventing protein aggregates live up to its promise as prophylaxis against neurode-generative diseases? Brain Pathol 2003; 13: 630–638
  • Leenders KL, Perani D, Lammertsma AA, et al. Cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen utilization. Normal values and effect of age. Brain 1990; 113: 27–47
  • Silverman DH, Phelps ME. Application of positron emission tomography for evaluation of metabolism and blood flow in human brain: Normal development, aging, dementia, and stroke. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 74: 128–138
  • Zhou W, Qingh H, Tong Y, et al. BACE1 gene expression and protein degradation. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1035: 49–67
  • Fluhrer R, Capel I A, Westmeyer G, et al. A non-amyloidogenic function of BACE-2 in the secretory pathway. J Neurochem 2002; 81: 1011–1020
  • de la Torre JC. Alzheimer's disease: How does it start?J Alzheimers Dis 2002; 4:497–512

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.