Ion channels and calcium signaling in cerebral arteries following subarachnoid hemorrhage

REFERENCES

• Dietrich HH, Dacey RG, Jr. Molecular keys to the problems of cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 517–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassell NF, Sasaki T, Colohan AR, et al. Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1985; 16: 562–572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald RL, Weir BK. A review of hemoglobin and the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. Stroke 1991; 22: 971–982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treggiari-Venzi MM, Suter PM, Romand JA. Review of medical prevention of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemor-rhage: A problem of neurointensive care. Neurosurgery 2001; 48: 249–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen M, Overgaard J, Marcussen E, et al. Relation between angiographic cerebral vasospasm and regional CBE in patients with SAH. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 82: 109–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkuma H, Manabe H, Tanaka M, et al. Impact of cerebral microcirculatory changes on cerebral blood flow during cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2000; 31: 1621–1627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoda M, Takeuchi M, Tominaga J, et al. Asymptomatic versus symptomatic infarcts from vasospasm in patients with subarach-noid hemorrhage: Serial magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 2001; 49: 1341–1348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiguro M, Puryear CB, Bisson E, et al. Enhanced myogenic tone in cerebral arteries from a rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283: H2217—H2225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiguro M, Wellman TL, Honda A, et al. Emergence of a R-type Ca2+ channel (Cav 2.3) contributes to cerebral artery constriction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circ Res 2005; 96: 419–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss WM. On the local reactions of the arterial wall to changes of internal pressure. J Physiol (Lond) 1902; 28: 220–231
   Google Scholar
• Johnson PC. The myogenic response. In: Bohr DF, Somlyo AP, Sparks HV, Jr, eds. Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System. Vol. II. Vascular Smooth Muscle, Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1980: pp. 409–442
   Google Scholar
• Lee KR, Hoff JT. Intracranial pressure. In: Youmans JR, ed. Neurological Surgery, Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co., 1996: pp. 491–518
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi H, Handa Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Impairment of cerebral autoregulation during the development of chronic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in primates. Neurosurgery 1991; 28: 41–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuckey NW, Fox RA, Surveyor I, et al. Early cerebral blood flow and computerized tomography in predicting ischemia after cerebral aneurysm rupture. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 850–855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hai CM, Murphy RA. Ca2+, crossbridge phosphorylation, and contraction. Annu Rev Physiol 1989; 51: 285–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knot HJ, Nelson MT. Regulation of arterial diameter and wall [Ca2+1 in cerebral arteries of rat by membrane potential and intravascular pressure. J Physiol (Lond) 1998; 508: 199–209
   Google Scholar
• Nelson MT, Patlak JB, Worley JF, et al. Calcium channels, potassium channels, and voltage dependence of arterial smooth muscle tone. Am] Physiol 1990; 259: C3—C18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman GC, Nelson MT. Ion Channels in Cerebral Arteries. In: Krause DN, Edvinsson L, eds. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002: pp. 71–87
   Google Scholar
• Laher I, Zhang JH. Protein kinase C and cerebral vasospasm. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 887–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizawa S, Laher I. Signaling mechanisms in cerebral vasospasm. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005; 15: 24–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JH. Role of MAPK in cerebral vasospasm. Drug News Perspect 2001; 14: 261–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bootman MD, Lipp P, Berridge MJ. The organisation and functions of local Ca2+ signals. J Cell Sci 2001; 114: 2213–2222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapham DE. Calcium signaling. Cell 1995; 80: 259–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bito H, Deisseroth K, Tsien RW. CREB phosphorylation and dephosphorylation: A Ca2+- and stimulus duration-dependent switch for hippocampal gene expression. Cell 1996; 87: 1203–1214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartin L, Lounsbury KM, Nelson MT. Coupling of Ca2+ to CREB activation and gene expression in intact cerebral arteries from mouse: Roles of ryanodine receptors and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Circ Res 2000; 86: 760–767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman GC, Cartin L, Eckman DM, et al. Membrane depolar-ization, elevated Ca2± entry, and gene expression in cerebral arteries of hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281: H2559—H2567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amberg GC, Rossow CF, Navedo MF, et al. NFATc3 regulates Kv2.1 expression in arterial smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 47326–47334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez MF, Stevenson AS, Bonev AD, et al. Opposing Actions of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors on nuclear factor of activated t-cells regulation in smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 37756–37764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graef IA, Chen F, Chen L, et al. Signals transduced by Ca2+/ calcineurin and NFATc3/c4 pattern the developing vasculature. Cell 2001; 105: 863–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill-Eubanks DC, Gomez MF, Stevenson AS, et al. NFAT regulation in smooth muscle. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2003; 13: 56–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw JP, Utz PJ, Durand DB, et al. Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes. Science 1988; 241: 202–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson AS, Gomez MF, Hill-Eubanks DC, et al. NFAT4 movement in native smooth muscle. A role for differential Ca2+ signal ing. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 15018-15024
   Google Scholar
• Wellman GC, Nelson MT. Signaling between SR and plasma-lemma in smooth muscle: Sparks and the activation of Ca2+senstive ion channels. Cell Calcium 2003; 34: 211–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaggar JH, Porter VA, Lederer WJ, et al. Calcium sparks in smooth muscle. Am] Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278: C235—C256
   Google Scholar
• Nelson MT, Cheng H, Rubart M, et al. Relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by calcium sparks. Science 1995; 270: 633–637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaki S, Ohue S, Kohno K, et al. Impairment of vascular reactivity and changes in intracellular calcium and calmodulin levels of smooth muscle cells in canine basilar arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1989; 25: 753–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tani E, Matsumoto T. Continuous elevation of intracellular Ca2+ is essential for the development of cerebral vasospasm. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2004; 2:13–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harder DR, Dernbach P, Waters A. Possible cellular mechanism for cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemor-rhage in the dog. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 875–880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahromi BS, Aihara Y, Yassari R, et al. Potassium channels in experimental cerebral vasospasm. In: Macdonald RL, ed. Cerebral Vasospasm. Advances in Research and Treatment, New York: Thieme, 2005, pp. 20–24
   Google Scholar
• Sobey CG, Faraci FM. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: What happens to the cerebral arteries? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998; 25: 867–876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters A, Harder DR. Altered membrane properties of cerebral vascular smooth muscle following subarachnoid hemorrhage: An electrophysiological study. I. Changes in resting membrane potential (Em) and effect on the electrogenic pump potential contribution to Em. Stroke 1985; 16: 990–997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuccarello M, Bonasso CL, Lewis Al, et al. Relaxation of subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced spasm of rabbit basilar artery by the K+ channel activator cromakalim. Stroke 1996; 27: 311–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulter WE, Peterson JW, Zervas NT, et al. Intracellular calcium, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and contractile force in experimental cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 1996; 38: 781–787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim P, Yoshimoto Y, lino M, et al. Impaired calcium regulation of smooth muscle during chronic vasospasm following sub-arachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 334–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahlin C, Owman C, Chang JY, et al. Changes in contractile response and effect of a calcium antagonist, nimodi-pine, in isolated intracranial arteries of baboon following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res Bull 1990; 24: 355–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• lwabuchi S, Marton LS, Zhang JH. Role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in erythrocyte lysate-induced intracellular free calcium concentration elevation in cerebral smooth-muscle cells. J Neurosurg 1999; 90: 743–751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Weir B, Marton LS, et al. Mechanisms of hemolysate-induced [Ca2+]; elevation in cerebral smooth muscle cells. Am] Physiol 1995; 269: H1874—H1890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arikkath J, Campbell KP. Auxiliary subunits: Essential compo-nents of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2003; 13: 298–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall WA. Structure and regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2000; 16: 521–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catteral I WA, Striessnig J, Snutch TP, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XL. Compendium of voltage-gated ion channels: Calcium channels. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55: 579–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertel EA, Campbell KP, Harpold MM, et al. Nomenclature of voltage-gated calcium channels. Neuron 2000; 25: 533–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno DH. Molecular and functional diversity of voltage-gated calcium channels. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 868: 102–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Reyes E, Cribbs LL, Daud A, et al. Molecular characteriza-tion of a neuronal low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channel. Nature 1998; 391: 896–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall AD, Tsien RW. Contrasting biophysical and pharmaco-logical properties of T-type and R-type calcium channels. Neuropharmacology 1997; 36: 879–893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough SI, Bean BP. Mibefradil inhibition of T-type calcium channels in cerebellar purkinje neurons. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 54: 1080–1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra HP, Fridovich I. The generation of superoxide radical during the autoxidation of hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 1972; 247: 6960–6962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezprozvanny I, Tsien RW. Voltage-dependent blockade of diverse types of voltage-gated Ca' channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the Ca2+ channel antagonist mibefradil (Ro 40-5967). Mol Pharmacol 1995; 48: 540–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez C, Bourinet E, Leuranguer V, et al. Determinants of voltage-dependent inactivation affect Mibefradil block of calcium channels. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang RS, Jaffe H, Cribbs L, et al. Inhibition of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels by a new scorpion toxin. Nat Neurosci 1998; 1: 668–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidach SS, Mintz IM. Kurtoxin, a gating modifier of neuronal high- and low-threshold ca channels. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 2023–2034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCleskey EW, Fox AP, Feldman DH, et al. Omega-conotoxin: Direct and persistent blockade of specific types of calcium channels in neurons but not muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 4327–4331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz IM, Venema N/J, Swiderek KM, et al. P-type calcium channels blocked by the spider toxin omega-Aga-IVA. Nature 1992; 355: 827–829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz IM, Bean BP. Block of calcium channels in rat neurons by synthetic omega-Aga-IVA. Neuropharmacology 1993; 32: 1161–1169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall A, Tsien RW. Pharmacological dissection of multiple types of Ca2+ channel currents in rat cerebellar granule neurons. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 2995–3012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomb R, Szoke B, Palma A, et al. Selective peptide antagonist of the class E calcium channel from the venom of the tarantula Hysterocrates gigas. Biochemistry 1998; 37: 15353–15362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 1992
   Google Scholar
• Randall AD. The molecular basis of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel diversity: Is it time for T? J Membr Biol 1998; 161: 207–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson MT, Worley JF. Dihydropyridine inhibition of single calcium channels and contraction in rabbit mesenteric artery depends on voltage. J Physiol 1989; 412: 65–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Striessnig J, Grabner M, Mitterdorfer J, et al. Structural basis of drug binding to L Ca2+ channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998; 19: 108–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Weille JR, Schweitz H, Maes P, et al. Calciseptine, a peptide isolated from black mamba venom, is a specific blocker of the [-type calcium channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 2437–2440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokina NI, Knot Hi, Nelson MT, et al. Increased Ca2+ sensitivity as a key mechanism of PKC-induced constriction in pressurized cerebral arteries. Am] Physiol 1999; 277: H1178—H1188
   Google Scholar
• Hill MA, Zou H, Potocnik SJ, et al. Invited review: Arteriolar smooth muscle mechanotransduction: Ca2+ signaling pathways underlying myogenic reactivity. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 973–983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesselman JP, VanBavel E, Pfaffendorf M, et al. Voltage-operated calcium channels are essential for the myogenic responsiveness of cannulated rat mesenteric small arteries. J Vasc Res 1996; 33: 32–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petruk KC, West M, Mohr G, et al. Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg 1988; 68: 505–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CC, Lamping KG, Nuno DW, et al. Abnormal coronary function in mice deficient in alpha1H T-type Ca2+ channels. Science 2003; 302: 1416–1418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen PB, Jensen BL, Andreasen D, et al. Differential expression of T- and [-type voltage-dependent calcium channels in renal resistance vessels. Circ Res 2001; 89: 630–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen PB, Jensen BL, Andreasen D, et al. Vascular smooth muscle cells express the alpha(1A) subunit of a P-/Q-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) Channel, and it is functionally important in renal afferent arterioles. Circ Res 2000; 87: 896–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itonaga Y, Nakajima T, Morita H, et al. Contribution of nifedipine-insensitive voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel to dia-meter regulation in rabbit mesenteric artery. Life Sci 2002; 72: 487–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita H, Cousins H, Onoue H, et al. Predominant distribution of nifedipine-insensitive, high voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in the terminal mesenteric artery of guinea pig. Circ Res 1999; 85: 596–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blood AB, Zhao Y, Long W, et al. [-type Ca2+ channels in fet al and adult ovine cerebral arteries. Am] Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282: R131—R138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesic A, Madden JA, Pesic M, et al. High blood pressure upregulates arterial [-type Ca2+ channels: Is membrane depolar-ization the signal? Circ Res 2004; 94: e97—e104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt PF, Bonnet S, Ludwig LM, et al. Upregulation of [-type Ca2+ channels in mesenteric and skelet al arteries of SHR. Hypertension 2002; 40: 214–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aihara Y, Jahromi BS, Yassari R, et al. Molecular profile of vascular ion channels after experimental subarachnoid hemor-rhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: 75–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook DA, Vollrath B. Free radicals and intracellular events associated with cerebrovascular spasm. Cardiovasc Res 1995; 30: 493–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann M, Seifert V. Endothel in and subarachnoid hemorrhage: An overview. Neurosurgery 1998; 43: 863–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi K, Miyata N, Renic M, et al. Hemoglobin, NO and 20-HETE interactions in mediating cerebral vasoconstriction following SAH. Am] Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 290: R84–R89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebremedhin D, Lange AR, Narayanan J, et al. Cat cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells express cytochrome P4504A2 enzyme and produce the vasoconstrictor 20-HETE which enhances [-type Ca2 + current. Physiol 1998; 507: 771–781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson MT, Standen NB, Brayden JE, et al. Noradrenaline contracts arteries by activating voltage-dependent calcium channels. Nature 1988; 336: 382–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worley JF, Quayle JM, Standen NB, et al. Regulation of single calcium channels in cerebral arteries by voltage, serotonin, and dihydropyridines. Am] Physiol 1991; 261: H1951—H1960
   Google Scholar
• Kim CJ, Weir B, Macdonald RL, et al. Hemolysate inhibits [-type Ca2+ channels in rat basilar smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Res 1996; 33: 258–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell RP, Saundry CM, Bonev AD, et al. Inhibition of Ca++ sparks by oxyhemoglobin in rabbit cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg 2004; 100: 295–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizawa S, Nezu N, Uemura K. Direct evidence for a key role of protein kinase C in the development of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1992; 76: 635–639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagi Y, Carpenter RC, Meguro T, et al. Upregulation of rho A and rho kinase messenger RNAs in the basilar artery of a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2000; 93: 471–476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato M, Tani E, Fujikawa H, et al. Involvement of Rho-kinase-mediated phosphorylation of myosin light chain in enhancement of cerebral vasospasm. Circ Res 2000; 87: 195–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe Y, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Activation of Rho-associated kinase during augmented contraction of the basilar artery to serotonin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288: H2653—H2658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki T, Kasuya H, Onda H, et al. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase on cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2004; 35: 1466–1470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibbs R, Zubkov A, Aoki K, et al. Effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors on cerebral vasospasm in a double-hemorrhage model in dogs. J Neurosurg 2000; 93: 1041–1047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujikawa H, Tani E, Yamaura I, et al. Activation of protein kinases in canine basilar artery in vasospasm. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 44–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusaka G, Kimura H, Kusaka I, et al. Contribution of Src tyrosine kinase to cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2003; 99: 383–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obara K, Nishizawa S, Koide M, et al. Interactive role of protein kinase C-delta with rho-kinase in the development of cerebral vasospasm in a canine two-hemorrhage model. J Vasc Res 2005; 42: 67–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surks HK, Richards CT, Mendelsohn ME. Myosin phosphatase-Rho interacting protein. A new member of the myosin phosphatase complex that directly binds RhoA. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 51484–51493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan B, Koh SD, Keef KD. Muscarinic M2 receptor stimulation of Cav1.2b requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase C, and c-Src. Circ Res 2004; 94: 626–633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijetunge S, Hughes AD. pp60c-src increases voltage-operated calcium channel currents in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 217: 1039–1044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keef KD, Hume JR, Zhong J. Regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle Ca” channels (CaV1.2a,b) by protein kinases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281: C1743—C1756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuhmann K, Groschner K. Protein kinase-C mediates dual modulation of [-type Ca” channels in human vascular smooth muscle. FEBS Lett 1994; 341: 208–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Regulation of the cerebral circulation: Role of endothelium and potassium channels. Physiol Rev 1998; 78: 53–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson WE. Potassium channels in the peripheral microcircula-tion. Microcirculation 2005; 12: 113–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson MT, Quayle JM. Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: C799—C822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coetzee WA, Amarillo Y, Chiu J, et al. Molecular diversity of K+ channels. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 868: 233–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole WC, Clement-Chomienne 0, Aiello EA. Regulation of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive, delayed rectifier K+ channels in vas-cular smooth muscle by phosphorylation. Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 74: 439–447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knot HJ, Nelson MT. Regulation of membrane potential and diameter by voltage-dependent K+ channels in rabbit myogenic cerebral arteries. Am] Physiol 1995; 269: H348—H355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan L, Sobey CG. Selective effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on cerebral vascular responses to 4-aminopyridine in rats. Stroke 2000; 31: 2460–2465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson BE, Nelson MT. Aminopyridine inhibition and voltage dependence of K+ currents in smooth muscle cells from cerebral arteries. Am] Physiol 1994; 267: C1589—C1597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutman GA, Chandy KG, Adelman JP, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XLI. Compendium of voltage-gated ion channels: potassium channels. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55: 583–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jan LY, Jan YN. Voltage-gated and inwardly rectifying potassium channels. J Physiol 1997; 505: 267–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albarwani S, Nemetz LT, Madden JA, et al. Voltage-gated K+ channels in rat small cerebral arteries: Molecular identity of the functional channels. J Physiol 2003; 551: 751–763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr PM, Clement-Chomienne 0, Thorneloe KS, et al. Heteromultimeric Kv1.2-Kv1.5 channels underlie 4-aminopyridine-sensitive delayed rectifier K+ current of rabbit vascular myocytes. Circ Res 2001; 89: 1038–1044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plane F, Johnson R, Kerr P, et al. Heteromultimeric Kv1 channels contribute to myogenic control of arterial diameter. Circ Res 2005; 96: 216–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorneloe KS, Chen TT, Kerr PM, et al. Molecular composition of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive voltage-gated K+ channels of vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res 2001; 89: 1030–1037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello EA, Clement-Chomienne 0, Sontag DP, et al. Protein kinase C inhibits delayed rectifier K+ current in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells. Am Physiol 1996; 271: H109—H119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes TC, Fadool DA, Levitan IB. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Kv1.3 potassium channel. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 1581–1590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang XY, Morielli AD, Peralta EG. Tyrosine kinase-dependent suppression of a potassium channel by the G protein-coupled ml muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Cell 1993; 75: 1145–1156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meera P, Wallner M, Song M, et al. Large conductance voltage-and calcium-dependent K+ channel, a distinct member of voltage-dependent ion channels with seven N-terminal trans-membrane segments (S0-S6), an extracellular N terminus, and an intracellular (S9-S10) C terminus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 14066–14071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magleby KL. Gating mechanism of BK (Slo1) channels: So near, yet so far. J Gen Physiol 2003; 121: 81–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner R, Perez GJ, Bonev AD, et al. Vasoregulation by the beta1 subunit of the calcium-activated potassium channel. Nature 2000; 407: 870–876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Meera P, Song M, et al. Molecular constituents of maxi Kca channels in human coronary smooth muscle: Predominant alpha + beta subunit complexes. J Physiol 1997; 502: 545–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brayden JE, Nelson MT. Regulation of arterial tone by activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Science 1992; 256: 532–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebremedhin D, Ma YH, Falck JR, et al. Mechanism of action of cerebral epoxyeicosatrienoic acids on cerebral arterial smooth muscle. Am] Physiol 1992; 263: H519—H525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman GC, Bonev AD, Nelson MT, et al. Gender differences in coronary artery diameter involve estrogen, nitric oxide, and Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. Circ Res 1996; 79: 1024–1030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez GJ, Bonev AD, Patlak JB, et al. Functional coupling of ryanodine receptors to Kca channels in smooth muscle cells from rat cerebral arteries. J Gen Physiol 1999; 113: 229–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman GC, Nathan DJ, Saundry CM, et al. Ca2+ sparks and their function in human cerebral arteries. Stroke 2002; 33: 802–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaggar JH, Wellman GC, Heppner TJ, et al. Ca2+ channels, ryanodine receptors and Ca2+-activated K+ channels: A func-tional unit for regulating arterial tone. Acta Physiol Scand 1998; 164: 577–587
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porter VA, Bonev AD, Knot HJ, et al. Frequency modulation of Ca2+ sparks is involved in regulation of arterial diameter by cyclic nucleotides. Am Physiol 1998; 274: C1346—C1355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman GC, Santana LF, Bonev AD, et al. Role of phospho-lamban in the modulation of arterial Ca2+ sparks and Ca2+ activated K+ channels by cAMP. Am] Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281: C1029—C1037
   Google Scholar
• Collier ML, Ji G, Wang Y, et al. Calcium-induced calcium release in smooth muscle: Loose coupling between the action potential and calcium release. J Gen Physiol 2000; 115: 653–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhuGe R, Tuft RA, Fogarty KE, et al. The influence of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ concentration on Ca2+ sparks and spontaneous transient outward currents in single smooth muscle cells. J Gen Physiol 1999; 113: 215–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonev AD, Jaggar JH, Rubart M, et al. Activators of protein kinase C decrease Ca' spark frequency in smooth muscle cells from cerebral arteries. Am Physiol 1997; 273: C2090—C2095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alioua A, Mahajan A, Nishimaru K, et al. Coupling of c-Src to large conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K± channels as a new mechanism of agonist-induced vasoconstriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 14560–14565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehl F, Cambj-Sapunar L, Maier KG, et al. 20-HETE contributes to the acute fall in cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. Am] Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282: H1556—H1565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder DR, Gebremedhin D, Narayanan J, et al. Formation and action of a P-4504A metabolite of arachidonic acid in cat cerebral microvessels. Am Physiol 1994; 266: H2098—H2107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou AP, Fleming JT, Falck JR, et al. 20-HETE is an endogenous inhibitor of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel in renal arterioles. Am Physiol 1996; 270: R228—R237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickman G, Lan C, Vollrath B. Functional roles of the rho/rho kinase pathway and protein kinase C in the regulation of cerebrovascular constriction mediated by hemoglobin: Relevance to subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm. Circ Res 2003; 92: 809–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai T, Takeyama N, Tanaka T. Glutathione monoethyl ester and inhibition of the oxyhemoglobin-induced increase in cytosolic calcium in cultured smooth-muscle cells. J Neurosurg 1999; 90: 527–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami M, Okabe E. Superoxide anion radical-triggered Ca2+ release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptor Ca2+ channel. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 53: 497–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okabe E, Odajima C, Taga R, et al. The effect of oxygen free radicals on calcium permeability and calcium loading at steady state in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Mol Pharmacol 1988; 34: 388–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluta RM. Delayed cerebral vasospasm and nitric oxide: Review, new hypothesis, and proposed treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 105: 23–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quayle JM, Nelson MT, Standen NB. ATP-sensitive and inwardly rectifying potassium channels in smooth muscle. Physiol Rev 1997; 77: 1165–1232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols CG, Lopatin AN. Inward rectifier potassium channels. Annu Rev Physiol 1997; 59: 171–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knot HJ, Zimmermann PA, Nelson MT. Extracellular K+-induced hyperpolarizations and dilatations of rat coronary and cerebral arteries involve inward rectifier K+ channels. J Physiol (Lond) 1996; 492: 419–430
   Google Scholar
• Quayle JM, McCarron JG, Brayden JE, et al. Inward rectifier K+ currents in smooth muscle cells from rat resistance-sized cerebral arteries. Am] Physiol 1993; 265: C1363—C1370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst GD, Edwards FR. Sympathetic neuroeffector transmission in arteries and arterioles. Physiol Rev 1989; 69: 546–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson OB, Newman EA. Does the release of potassium from astrocyte endfeet regulate cerebral blood flow? Science 1987; 237: 896–898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaritsky JJ, Eckman DM, Wellman GC, et al. Targeted disruption of Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 genes reveals the essential role of the inwardly rectifying K+ current in K+-mediated vasodilation. Circ Res 2000; 87: 160–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyer GW, Jahromi BS, Aihara Y, et al. Expression and function of inwardly rectifying potassium channels after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26: 382–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement JP, Kunjilwar K, Gonzalez G, et al. Association and stoichiometry of K(ATP) channel subunits. Neuron 1997; 18: 827–838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M, Isomoto S, Matsumoto S, et al. Sulphonylurea receptor 2B and Kir6.1 form a sulphonylurea-sensitive but ATP-insensitive K+ channel. J Physiol 1997; 499: 715–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standen NB, Quayle JM, Davies NW, et al. Hyperpolarizing vasodilators activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle. Science 1989; 245: 177–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovalev H, Quayle JM, Kamishima T, et al. Molecular analysis of the subtype-selective inhibition of cloned KATP channels by PNU-37883A. Br] Pharmacol 2004; 141: 867–873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman GC, Barrett-Jolley R, Koppel H, et al. Inhibition of vascular KA-rp channels by U-37883A: A comparison with cardiac and skelet al muscle. Br] Pharmacol 1999; 128: 909–916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quayle JM, Bonev AD, Brayden JE, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide activated ATP-sensitive K+ currents in rabbit arterial smooth muscle via protein kinasePhysiol 1994; 475:9–13
   Google Scholar
• Wellman GC, Quayle JM, Standen NB. ATP-sensitive K+ channel activation by calcitonin gene-related peptide and protein kinase A in pig coronary arterial smooth muscle. J Physiol 1998; 507: 117–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvinsson L, Delgado-Zygmunt T, Ekman R, et al. Involvement of perivascular sensory fibers in the pathophysiology of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990; 10: 602–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvinsson L, Juul R, Jansen I. Perivascular neuropeptides (NPY, VIP, CGRP and SP) in human brain vessels after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 90: 324–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobey CG, Heistad DD, Faraci FM. Effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage on dilatation of rat basilar artery in vivo. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: H126—H132
   Google Scholar
• Sugai K, Yaganisawa T, Motohashi 0, et al. Levcromakalim decreases cytoplasmic Ca2+ and vascular tone in basilar artery of SAH model dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 33: 868–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad I, Imaizumi S, Shimizu H, et al. Development of calcitonin gene-related peptide slow-release tablet implanted in CSF space for prevention of cerebral vasospasm after experi-mental subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996; 138: 1230-1240
   Google Scholar
• Inoue T, Shimizu H, Kaminuma T, et al. Prevention of cerebral vasospasm by calcitonin gene-related peptide slow-release tablet after subarachnoid hemorrhage in monkeys. Neurosurgery 1996; 39: 984–990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effect of calcitonin-gene-related peptide in patients with delayedpostoperativecerebralischaemiaafteraneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. European CGRP in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Study Group. Lancet 1992; 339: 831–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell BA. The neuroprotective effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide following subarachnoid hemorrhage. European CGRP in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Study Group. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 765: 299–300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toyoda K, Faraci FM, Russo AF, et al. Gene transfer of calcitonin gene-related peptide to cerebral arteries. Am] Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278: H586—H594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh M, Perkins E, Kimura H, et al. Posttreatment with adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of calcitonin gene-related peptide to reverse cerebral vasospasm in dogs. J Neurosurg 2002; 97: 136–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoda K, Faraci FM, Watanabe Y, et al. Gene transfer of calcitonin gene-related peptide prevents vasoconstriction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circ Res 2000; 87: 818–824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar