The B cell response in multiple sclerosis

REFERENCES

• Wynn DR, Rodriguez M, O'Fallon WM, et al. A reappraisal of the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Neurology 1990; 40: 780–786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamvil SS, Steinman L. The T lymphocyte in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Annu Rev Immunol 1990; 8: 579–621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassmann H, Ransohoff RM. The CD4-Th1 model for multiple sclerosis: A critical [correction of crucial] re-appraisal. Trends Immunol 2004; 25: 132–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriram S, Steiner I. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: A misleading model of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 939–945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babbe H, Roers A, Waisman A, et al. Clonal expansions of CD8(+) T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction. J Exp Med 2000; 192: 393–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correale J, de los Milagros Bassani Molinas M. Oligoclonal bands and antibody responses in multiple sclerosis. I Neurol 2002; 249: 375–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapp BD. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: The eyes only see what the mind is prepared to comprehend. Ann Neurol 2004; 55: 455–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traugott U, Reinherz E, Raine CS. Multiple sclerosis: Distribution of T cell subsets within activee chronic lesions. Science 1983; 219: 308–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prineas JW, Wright RG. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the perivascular compartment in chronic multiple sclerosis. Lab Invest 1978; 38: 409–421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, et al. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl.' Med 1998; 338: 278-285
   Google Scholar
• Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, et al. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for the pathogenesis of demyelina-tion. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 707–717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch MK, Piddlesden S, Haltia M, et al. Multiple sclerosis: In situ evidence for antibody- and complement-mediated demyelination. Ann Neurol 1998; 43: 465–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa K, Suchanek G, Breitschopf H, et al. Patterns of oligodendroglia pathology in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1994; 117: 1311–1322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, et al. A quantitative analysis of oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions. A study of 113 cases. Brain 1999; 122: 2279–2295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett MH, Prineas JW. Relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: Pathology of the newly forming lesion. Ann Neurol 2004; 55: 458–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat EA, Freedman DA, Murray, JP, et al. A study of the crystalline albumin, gamma globulin and total protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of 100 cases of multiple sclerosis and in other diseases. Am J Med Sci 1950; 219: 55–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link H, Laurenzi MA. Immunoglobulin class and light chain type of oligoclonal bands in CSF in multiple sclerosis determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. Ann Neurol 1979; 6: 107–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson DH, Roos RP, Arnason BGW. Comparison of agar gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis brains. Ann Neurol 1981; 9: 34–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker JN, Benveniste EN, Zhou S-R. Cerebrospinal fluid. In: Cook SD, ed. Handbook of multiple sclerosis, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1990: pp. 251–270
   Google Scholar
• Walsh MJ, Tourtellotte VVVV. Temporal invariance and clonal uniformity of brain and cerebrospinal IgG, IgA, and IgM in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 1986; 163: 41–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharief MK, Thompson EJ. Distribution of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal IgM bands in neurological diseases: A comparison between agarose electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing.] Neurol Sci 1992; 109: 83–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar LM, Masjuan J, Gonzalez-Porque P, et al. Intrathecal IgM synthesis predicts the onset of new relapses and a worse disease course in MS. Neurology 2002; 59: 555–559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbluth J, Schiff R, Liang WL, et al. Antibody-mediated CNS demyelination II. Focal spinal cord lesions induced by implanta-tion of an IgM antisulfatide-secreting hybridoma. J Neurocytol 2003; 32: 265–276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilden DH, Devlin ME, Burgoon MP, et al. The search for virus in multiple sclerosis brain. Mult Scler 1996; 2: 179–183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vandvik B, Norrby E, Nordal HJ, et al. Oligoclonal measles virus-specific IgG antibodies isolated from cerebrospinal fluids, brain extracts, and sera from patients with subacute sclerosing panence-phalitis and multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 1976; 5: 979–992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter KG, Sinnamon DG, Gillies RR. Cryptococcus neoformans-specific oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid in cryptococcal meningitis. Lancet 1977; 1: 1262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta PD, Patrick BA, Thormar H. Measles-specific IgG in CSF and serum from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Immunology 1982; 46: 423–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimaldi LM, Roos RP, Manservigi R, et al. An isoelectric focusing study in herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 227–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimaldi LM, Roos RP, Devare SG, et al. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: Oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands contain anti-HTLV-I p24 antibody. Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 727–731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartdal F, Vandvik B, Michaelsen TE, et al. Neurosyphilis: Intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal antibodies to Treponema pallidum. Ann Neurol 1981; 11: 35–40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta PD, Patrick BA, Thormar H. Identification of virus-specific oligoclonal bands in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis by immunofixation after isoelectric focusing and peroxidase staining. J Clin Microbiol 1982; 16: 985–987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandvik B, Norrby E, Steen-Johnson J, et al. Mumps meningitis: Prolonged pleocytosis and occurrence of mumps virus-specific oligoclonal IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid. Eur Neurol 1978; 17: 13–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle PK, Wolinsky JS. Characterization of immune complexes in progressive rubella panencephalitis. Ann Neurol 1981; 9: 557–562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindic CJ, Trebst C, Van Antwerpen MP, et al. Detection of CSF-specific oligoclonal antibodies to recombinant JC virus VP1 in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 76: 100–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon MP, Hammack BN, Owens GP, et al. Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid during varicella zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy are directed against VZV. Ann Neurol 2003; 54: 459–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos RP, Nalefski EA, Nitayaphan S, et al. An isoelectric focusing overlay study of the humoral immune response in Theiler's virus demyelinating disease. J Neuroimmunol 1987; 13: 305–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorries R, Watanabe R, Wege H, et al. Analysis of the intrathecal humoral immune response in Brown Norway (BN) rats, infected with the murine coronavirus JHM. J Neuroimmunol 1987; 14: 305–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archelos JJ, Storch MK, Hartung HP. The role of B cells and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 694–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumsden CE. The immunogenesis of the multiple sclerosis plaque. Brain Res 1971; 28: 365–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prineas JW, Graham JS. Multiple sclerosis: Capping of surface immunoglobulin G on macrophages engaged in myelin break-down. Ann Neurol 1981; 10: 149–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay FW, Drye TJ, Dick GW, et al. The application of multifactorial cluster analysis in the staging of plaques in early multiple sclerosis. Identification and characterization of the primary demyelinating lesion. Brain 1997; 120: 1461–1483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scolding NJ, Morgan BP, Houston WA, et al. Vesicular removal by oligodendrocytes of membrane attack complexes formed by activated complement. Nature 1989; 339: 620–622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen M, Cepok S, Quak E, et al. Oligoclonal expansion of memory CD8+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients. Brain 2002; 125: 538–550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skulina C, Schmidt S, Dornmair K, et al. Multiple sclerosis: Brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells persist as clonal expansions in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 2428–2433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cepok S, Jacobsen M, Schock S, et al. Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid pathology correlate with disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2001; 124: 2169–2176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cepok S, Rosche B, Grummel V, et al. Short-lived plasma blasts are the main B cell effector subset during the course of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2005; 128: 1667–1676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcione A, Casazza S, Ferretti E, et al. Recapitulation of B cell differentiation in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 11064–11069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie AM, Gilden DH, Williamson RA, et al. Comparative analysis of the CD19+ and CD138+ cell antibody repertoires in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 2004; 173: 649–656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haubold K, Owens GP, Kaur P, et al. B-lymphocyte and plasma cell clonal expansion in monosymptomatic optic neuritis cere-brospinal fluid. Ann Neurol 2004; 56: 97–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uccelli A, Aloisi F, Pistoia V. Unveiling the enigma of the CNS as a B-cell fostering environment. Trends Immunol 2005; 26: 254–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cserr HF, Knopf PM. Cervical lymphatics, the blood—brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: A new view. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 507–512
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harling-Berg CJ, Park TJ, Knopf PM. Role of the cervical lymphatics in the Th2-type hierarchy of CNS immune regulation. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 101: 111–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransohoff RM, Kivisakk P, Kidd G. Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3: 569–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivisakk P, Mahad DJ, Callahan MK, et al. Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: Evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 8389–8394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopf PM, Harling-Berg CJ, Cserr HF, et al. Antigen-dependent intrathecal antibody synthesis in the normal rat brain: Tissue entry and local retention of antigen-specific B cells. J Immunol 1998; 161: 692–701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter A, Duddy M, Hebert S, et al. Determinants of human B cell migration across brain endothelial cells. I Immunol 2003; 170: 4497–4505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biernacki K, Prat A, Blain M, et al. Regulation of Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte migration by human adult brain endothelial cells. I Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60: 1127–1136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong D, Prameya R, Dorovini-Zis K. In vitro adhesion and migration of T lymphocytes across monolayers of human brain microvessel endothelial cells: Regulation by ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and PECAM-1. I Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999; 58: 138-152
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro-Shelef M, Calame K. Regulation of plasma-cell develop-ment. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 230–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochsenbein AF, Pinschewer DD, Sierro S, et al. Protective long-term antibody memory by antigen-driven and T help-dependent differentiation of long-lived memory B cells to short-lived plasma cells independent of secondary lymphoid organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 13263–13268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Magliozzi R, et al. Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2004; 14: 164–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magliozzi R, Columba-Cabezas S, Serafini B, et al. Intracerebral expression of CXCL13 and BAFF is accompanied by formation of lymphoid follicle-like structures in the meninges of mice with relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 148: 11–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumbholz M, Theil D, Derfuss T, et al. BAFF is produced by astrocytes and up-regulated in multiple sclerosis lesions and primary central nervous system lymphoma. I Exp Med 2005; 201: 195–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin Y, Duquette P, Poole R, et al. Clonal expansion and somatic hypermutation of V(H) genes of B cells from cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. I Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1045–1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens GP, Kraus H, Burgoon MP, et al. Restricted use of VH4 germline segments in an acute multiple sclerosis brain. Ann Neurol 1998; 43: 236–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens GP, Ritchie AM, Burgoon MP, et al. Single-cell repertoire analysis demonstrates that clonal expansion is a prominent feature of the B cell response in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid. J Immunol 2003; 171: 2725–2733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranzini SE, Jeong MC, Butoni C, et al. B cell repertoire diversity and clonal expansion in multiple sclerosis brain lesions. J Immunol 1999; 163: 5133–5144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo M, Dono M, Gazzola P, et al. Accumulation of clonally related B lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. I Immunol 2000; 164: 2782–2789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson NL, Brezinschek HP, Brezinschek RI, et al. Receptor revision and atypical mutational characteristics in clonally expanded B cells from the cerebrospinal fluid of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients. I Neuroimmunol 2005; 158: 170–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens GP, Burgoon MP, Anthony J, et al. The immunoglobulin G heavy chain repertoire in multiple sclerosis plaques is distinct from the heavy chain repertoire in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin Immunol 2001; 98: 258–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Jensen T, Burgoon MP, Anthony J, et al. Comparison of immunoglobul in G heavy-chain sequences in MS and SSPE brains reveals an antigen-driven response. Neurology 2000; 54: 1227–1232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon MP, Keays KM, Owens GP, et al. Laser-capture microdissection of plasma cells from subacute sclerosing panen-cephalitis brain reveals intrathecal disease-relevant antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 7245–7250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karman J, Ling C, Sandor M, et al. Initiation of immune responses in brain is promoted by local dendritic cells. J Immuno 12004; 173: 2353-2361
   Google Scholar
• de Vos AF, van Meurs M, Brok HP, et al. Transfer of central nervous system autoantigens and presentation in secondary lymphoid organs. J Immunol 2002; 169: 5415–5423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor KC, Appel H, Bregoli L, et al. Antibodies from inflamed central nervous system tissue recognize myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J Immunol 2005; 175: 1974–1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross AH, Trotter JL, Lyons J. B cells and antibodies in CNS demyelinating disease. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 112: 1–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger T, Rubner P, Schautzer F, et al. Antimyelin antibodies as a predictor of clinically definite multiple sclerosis after a first demyelinating event. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 139–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim ET, Berger T, Reindl M, et al. Anti-myelin antibodies do not allow earlier diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 492–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon MP, Gilden DH, Owens GP. B cells in multiple sclerosis. Front Biosci 2004; 9: 786–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cepok S, Zhou D, Srivastava R, et al. Identification of Epstein-Barr virus proteins as putative targets of the immune response in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1352–1360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar