Alterations in cerebral cortex microvessels and the microcirculation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury: a correlative EM and laser Doppler flowmetry study

REFERENCES

• Dixon CE, Lyeth BG, Povlishock JT, et al. A fluid percussion model of experimental brain injury in the rat. J Neurosurg 1987; 67: 110–119
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh TK, Vink R, Noble L, et al. Traumatic brain injury in the rat: Characterization of a lateral fluid-percussion model. Neuroscience 1989; 28: 233–244
   Google Scholar
• Foda MA, Marmarou A. A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part II: Morphological characterization. J Neurosurg 1994; 80:301–313
   Google Scholar
• Marmarou A, Foda MA, van den Brink W, et a/. A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I: Pathophysiology and biomecha-nics. J Neurosurg 1994; 80: 291–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genarelli TA, Spielman GM, Langfitt TW, et al. Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury. A multicenter study using a new classification system. J Neurosurg 1982; 56: 26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christman CW, Grady MS, Walker SA, et al. Ultrastructural studies of diffuse axonal injury in humans.] Neurotrauma 1994; 11: 173–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced axonal injury: Pathogenesis and pathobiological implications. Brain Pathol 1992; 2: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath DL, Vink R. Impact acceleration-induced severe diffuse axonal injury in rats: Characterization of phosphate metabolism and neurological outcome. J Neurotrauma 1993; 12: 1027–1034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkerts MM, Berman RE, Muizelaar JP, et al. Disruption of MAP-2 immunostaining in rat hippocampus after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1998; 15: 349–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrov T, Rafols JA. Acute alterations of endothelin-1 and iNOS expression and control of the brain microcirculation after head trauma. Neurol Res 2001; 23: 139–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner J, Rafols D, Park HK, et al. Attenuation of iNOS mRNA exacerbates hypoperfusion and upregulates endothelin-1 expres-sion in hippocampus and cortex after brain trauma. Nitric Oxide 2004; 10: 162–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Commission on Life Sciences. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, NIH Publication No. 85-23, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 4th edn, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi A, Park HK, Melgar MA, et al. Cerebral cortex blood flow and vascular smooth muscle contractility in a rat model of ischemia: A correlative laser Doppler flowmetric and scanning electron microscopic study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1997; 93: 354–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters A, Pal ay SL, Webster HE. The Fine Structure of the Nervous System: Neurons and Their Supporting Cells, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991: pp. 344-355
   Google Scholar
• Goshgarian HG, Yu XJ, Rafols JA. Neuronal and glial changes in the rat phrenic nucleus occurring within hours after spinal cord injury. J Comp Neurol 1989; 284: 519–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dore-Duffy P, Owen C, Balabanov R, et al. Pericyte migration from the vascular wall in response to traumatic brain injury. Micro vasc Res 2000; 60: 55–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan XQ, Prough DS, Smith TL, et al. The effect of traumatic brain injury on regional cerebral blood flow in rats.] Neurotrauma 1988; 5: 289–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamakami I, McIntosh TK. Effects of traumatic brain injury on regional cerebral blood flow in rats as measured with radiolabeled microspheres. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 117–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamakami I, McIntosh TK. Alterations in regional cerebral blood flow following brain injury in the rat. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 655–660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir JK, Boerschel M, Ellis EE. Continuous monitoring of posttraumatic cerebral blood flow using laser-Doppler flowmetry. J Neurotrauma 1992; 4: 355–362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin NA, Patwardhan RV, Alexander MJ, et al. Characterization of cerebral hemodynamic phases following severe head trauma: Hypoperfusion, hyperemia, and vasospasm. J Neurosurg 1997; 87: 9–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmarou A, Signoretti S, Fatouros PP, et al. Predominance of cellular edema in traumatic brain swelling in patients with severe head injuries. J Neurosurg 2006; 104: 720–730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hekmatpanah J, Hekmatpanah CR. Microvascular alterations following cerebral contusion in rats: Light, scanning and electron microscope study. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 888–897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock R, Maxwell WL, Graham DI, eta/. Glial swelling following human cerebral contusion: An ultrastructural study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 427–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder ML, Muizelaar JP, Bullock MR, et al. Focal ischemia due to traumatic contusions documented by stable Xenon-CT and ultrastructural studies. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 966–971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin NA, Doberstein C, Alexander M, et al. Posttraumatic cerebral arterial spasm. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12: 897–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Martin NA, Alsina G, et al. Hemodynamically significant cerebral vasospasm and outcome alter head injury: A prospective study. J Neurosurg 1997; 87: 221–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwienenberg M, Muizelaar JP. Cerebral perfusion and blood flow in neurotrauma. Neurol Res 2001; 23: 167–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabella G. Structural changes in smooth muscle cells during isotonic contraction. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 170: 187–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps PC, Luft JH. Electron microscopical study of relaxation and constriction in frog arterioles. Am J Anat 1969; 125: 399–428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uehara Y, Fujiwara T, Kaido T. Morphology of vascular smooth muscle fibers and pericytes: Scanning electron microscopic studies. In: Motta PM, ed. Ultrastructure of Smooth Muscle Cell, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 1990: pp. 237–251
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald RL, Weir BK, Chen MH, et al. Scanning electron microscopy of normal and vasospastic monkey cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells. Neurosurgery 1991; 29: 544–550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushiwata I, Ushiki T. Cytoarchitecture of the smooth muscles and pericytes of rat cerebral blood vessels. J Neurosurg 1990; 73: 82–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Judeh HH, Parker R, Singh M, et al. SPET brain perfusion imaging in mild traumatic injury without loss of consciousness and normal computed tomography. Nucl Med Commun 1999; 20: 505–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBeth BD, Stern SA, Wang X, et al. Effects of cocaine in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury. Acad Emerg Med 2005; 12: 483–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewelt W, Jenkins LW, Miller JD. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow after experimental fluid percussion injury in the brain. J Neurosurg 1980; 53: 500–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWitt DS, Prough DS, Taylor CL, et al. Regional cerebrovascular responses to progressive hypotension after traumatic brain injury in cats. Am] Physiol 1992; 263: 1276–1284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstead WM, Kurth CD. Different cerebral hemodynamic responses following fluid percussion brain injury in the newborn and juvenile pig. J Neurotrauma 1994; 11: 487–497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endelborghs K, Haseldonckx M, van Reempts J, et al. Impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2000; 17: 667–677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar