REFERENCES
- Stummer W, Weber K, Tranmer B, et al. Reduced mortality and brain damage after locomotor activity in gerbil forebrain ischemia. Stroke 1994; 25: 1862–1869
- Stummer W, Baethmann A, Murr R, et al. Cerebral protection against ischemia by locomotor activity in gerbils. Underlying mechanisms. Stroke 1995; 26: 1423–1429
- Wang RY, Yang YR, Yu SM. Protective effects of treadmill training on infarction in rats. Brain Res 2001; 922: 140–143
- Ang ET, Wong PT, Moochhala S, et al. Neuroprotection associated with running: Is it a result of increased endogenous neurotrophic factors? Neuroscience 2003; 118: 335–345
- Ding Y, Li J, Luan X, et al. Exercise pre-conditioning reduces brain damage in ischemic rats that may be associated with regional angiogenesis and cellular overexpression of neurotrophin. Neuroscience 2004; 124: 583–591
- Li J, Luan X, Clark J, et al. Neuroprotection against transient cerebral ischemia by exercise pre-conditioning in rats. Neurol Res 2004; 26: 404–408
- Ding Y, Li J, Rafols JA, et al. Pre-ischemic motor exercise reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats that correlateds with regional angiogenesis and cellular expression of neurotroph in. Stroke 2003; 34: 240–241
- Endres M, Gertz K, Lindauer U, et al. Mechanisms of stroke protection by physical activity. Ann Neurol 2003; 54: 582–590
- Ding YH, Young CN, Luan X, et al. Exercise preconditioning ameliorates inflammatory injury in ischemic rats during reperfu-sion. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2005; 3: 237–246
- Ding YH, Luan X, Li J, et al. Exercise-induced overexpression of angiogenic factors and reduction of ischemia/reperfusion injury in stroke. Curr Neurovasc Res 2004; 1: 411–420
- Ding Y, Ding YH, Li J, et al. Exercise induces integrin over-expression and improves neurovascular integrity in ischemic stroke. Stroke 2005; 36: 470
- Ding YH, Ding Y, Li J, et al. Exercise pre-conditioning strengthens brain microvascular integrity in a rat stroke model. Neurol Res 2006; 28: 184–189
- del Zoppo GJ, Mabuchi T. Cerebral microvessel responses to focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23: 879–894
- Ayata C, Ropper AH. Ischaemic brain oedema. J Clin Neurosci 2002; 9: 113–124
- Neuwelt CM. The role of plasmapheresis in the treatment of severe central nervous system neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythema-tosus. Ther Apher Dial 2003; 7: 173–182
- Yang GY, Betz AL. Reperfusion-induced injury to the blood—brain barrier after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 1994; 25: 1658–1664
- Hamann GE, Okada Y, Fitridge R, et al. Microvascular basal lamina antigens disappear during cerebral ischemia and reperfu-sion. Stroke 1995; 26: 2120–2126
- Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA. Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4: 399–415
- Gasche Y, Fujimura M, Morita F, et al. Early appearance of activated matrix met alloproteinase-9 after focal cerebral ischemia in mice: A possible role in blood—brain barrier dysfunction.] Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 1020–1028
- Fujimura M, Gasche Y, Morita F, et al. Early appearance of activated matrix met alloproteinase-9 and blood—brain barrier disruption in mice after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Brain Res 1999; 842: 92–100
- Rosenberg GA, Estrada EY, Dencoff JE. Matrix met alloproteinases and TIMPs are associated with blood—brain barrier opening after reperfusion in rat brain. Stroke 1998; 29: 2189–2195
- Heo JH, Lucero J, Abumiya T, et al. Matrix met alloproteinases increase very early during experimental focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 624–633
- Wagner S, Nagel S, Kluge B, et al. Topographically graded postischemic presence of met alloproteinases is inhibited by hypothermia. Brain Res 2003; 984: 63–75
- Ding Y, Li J, Clark J, et al. Synaptic plasticity in thalamic nuclei enhanced by motor skill training in rat with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurol Res 2003; 25: 189–194
- Ding Y, Li J, Lai Q, et al. Functional improvement after motor training is correlated with synaptic plasticity in rat thalamus. Neurol Res 2002; 24: 829–836
- Li J, Ding YH, Rafols JA, et al. Increased astrocyte proliferation in rats after running exercise. Neurosci Lett 2005; 3: 160–164
- Zea Longa Z, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, et al. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 1989; 20: 84–91
- Belayev L, Alonso OF, Busto R, et al. Middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat by intraluminal suture. Neurological and pathological evaluation of an improved model. Stroke 1996; 27: 1616-1622
- Masada T, Hua Y, Xi G, et al. Attenuation of ischemic brain edema and cerebrovascular injury after ischemic preconditioning in the rat. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 22–33
- Kawai N, Kawanishi M, Okauchi M, et al. Effects of hypothermia on thrombin-induced brain edema formation. Brain Res 2001; 895: 50–58
- Ding YC, Azam S, DeGracia DJ, et al. Focal brain ischemia and reperfusion associated with modifications in eukaryotic initiation factor 2-a. Stroke 2002; 33: 400–401
- Lindsey ML, Goshorn DK, Squires CE, et al. Age-dependent changes in myocardial matrix met alloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of met al loproteinase profiles and fibroblast function. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 66: 410–419
- Fukuda S, Fini CA, Mabuchi T, et al. Focal cerebral ischemia induces active proteases that degrade microvascular matrix. Stroke 2004; 35: 998–1004
- Gundersen HJ, Bendtsen TF, Korbo L, et al. Some new, simple and efficient stereological methods and their use in pathological research and diagnosis. APMIS 1988; 96: 379–394
- Kleim JA, Cooper NR, VandenBerg PM. Exercise induces angiogenesis but does not alter movement representations within rat motor cortex. Brain Res 2002; 934: 1–6
- Swain RA, Harris AB, Wiener EC, et al. Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat. Neuroscience 2003; 117: 1037–1046
- Betz AL, Dietrich WD. Blood—brain barrier dysfunction in cerebral ischemia. In: Ginsberg MD, Bogousslavsky J, eds. Cerebro vascular Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1998: pp. 358–370
- Wang X, Lo EH. Triggers and mediators of hemorrhagic transformation in cerebral ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2003; 28: 229–244
- Petty MA, Lo EH. Junctional complexes of the blood—brain barrier: Permeability changes in neuroinflammation. Prog Neurobiol 2002; 68: 311–323
- Petty MA, Wettstein JG. Elements of cerebral microvascular ischaemia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001; 36: 23–34
- Robertson PL, Du B, Bowman PD, et al. Angiogenesis in developing rat brain: An in vivo and in vitro study. Brain Res 1985; 355: 219–223
- Ogunshola 00, Stewart WB, Mihalcik V, et al. Neuronal VEGF expression correlates with angiogenesis in postnatal developing rat brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2000; 119:139–153
- Black JE, Isaacs KR, Anderson BJ, et al. Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 5568–5572
- Isaacs KR, Anderson BJ, Alcantara AA, et al. Exercise and the brain: angiogenesis in the adult rat cerebellum after vigorous physical activity and motor skill learning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12: 110–119
- Ding Y, Ding YH, Luan X, et al. Neuroprotective effect of exercise-induced angiogenic factors on ischemia/reperfusion injury in stroke. Stroke 2004; 35: 273
- Vissing J, Andersen M, Diemer NH. Exercise-induced changes in local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 729–736
- Romanic AM, White RF, Arleth AJ, et al. Matrix met al loproteinase expression increases after cerebral focal ischemia in rats: Inhibition of matrix met alloproteinase-9 reduces infarct size. Stroke 1998; 29: 1020–1030
- Planas AM, Sole S, Justicia C. Expression and activation of matrix met alloproteinase-2 and -9 in rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8: 834–846
- Planas AM, Sole S, Justicia C, et al. Estimation of gelatinase content in rat brain: Effect of focal ischemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278: 803–807
- Pfefferkorn T, Rosenberg GA. Closure of the blood—brain barrier by matrix met alloproteinase inhibition reduces rtPA-mediated mor-tality in cerebral ischemia with delayed reperfusion. Stroke 2003; 34: 2025–2030
- Clark AW, Krekoski CA, Bou SS, et al. Increased gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) activities in human brain after focal ischemia. Neurosci Lett 1997; 238: 53–56
- Horstmann S, Kalb P, Koziol J, et al. Profiles of matrix met al loproteinases, their inhibitors, and laminin in stroke patients: Influence of different therapies. Stroke 2003; 34: 2165–2170
- Asahi M, Wang X, Mori T, et al. Effects of matrix met alloprotei-nase-9 gene knock-out on the proteolysis of blood—brain barrier and white matter components after cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 7724–7732
- Asahi M, Asahi K, Jung JC, etal. Role for matrix met al loproteinase 9 after focal cerebral ischemia: Effects of gene knockout and enzyme inhibition with BB-94. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20: 1681–1689
- Wang X, Jung J, Asahi M, et al. Effects of matrix met al loproteinase-9 gene knock-out on morphological and motor outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 7037–7042