Cavernous angioma: a clinical study of 35 cases with review of the literature

References

• Quentin V, Lermite E, Lebigot J, et al. Small bowel cavernous hemangioma: Wireless capsule endoscopy diagnosis of a surgical case. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: 550–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura S, Tanaka S, Kusunoki H, etal. Cavernous hemangioma in the ascending colon treated by endoscopic mucosal resection. I Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 280–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhl R, Barth H, Dorner L, et al. De novo development of intra-osseous cavernous hemangioma. I Clin Neurosci 2007; 14: 289–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SK, Kwon SY. Intramuscular cavernous hemangioma arising from masseter muscle: A diagnostic dilemma (2006: 12b). Eur Radiol 2007; 17: 854–857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purandare NC, Medhi S, Shah S, et al. Intrapancreatic portal cavernoma. I Assoc Physicians India 2006; 54: 792
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markiewicz MR, Margarone JE, 3rd, Aguirre A, et al. Cavernous hemangioma of the palate. A review of etiology, pathogenesis and treatment options. N Y State Dent 2006; 72: 40–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruiz JI, Gomez Gomez G, Nicolas Torralba JA, et al. Cavernous hemangioma of the bladder. Arch Esp Urol 2006; 59: 813–815
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yan J, Cai Y, Wu Z, et al. Cavernous hemangioma of the bony orbit. Yan Ke Xue Bao 2005; 21: 147–151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenarz M, Durisin M, Kamenetzki P, et al. Cavernous heman-gioma of the internal auditory canal. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 264: 569–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, et al. Neurology in Clinical Practice: Principles of Diagnosis and Management, Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004: p. 1286
   Google Scholar
• Maraire JN, Awad IA. Cavernous malformations: Natural history and indications for treatment. In: Batjer H H, Caplan LR, Friberg L, Greenlee RG, Jr, Kopitnik TA, Jr, Young WI, eds. Cerebrovascular Disease, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, 1997: pp. 669–677
   Google Scholar
• Curling O, Jr, Kelly DL, Jr, Elster AD, etal. An analysis of the natural history of cavernous angiomas. I Neurosurg 1991; 75: 702–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DS, Park YG, Choi JU, et a/. An analysis of the natural history of cavernous malformations. Surg Neurol 1997; 48: 9–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson JR, Awad IA, Little JR. Natural history of the cavernous angioma. I Neurosurg 1991; 75: 709–714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giombini S, Morello G. Cavernous angiomas of the brain. Account of fourteen personal cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1978; 40: 61–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormickW F, Hardman JM, Boulter TR. Vascular malforma-tions (“angiomas”) of the brain, with special reference to those occurring in the posterior fossa. I Neurosurg 1968; 28: 241–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwar M, McCormick WE. Intracerebral venous angioma. Case report and review. Arch Neurol 1978; 35: 323–325
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moriarity JL, Wetzel M, Clatterbuck RE, et al. The natural history of cavernous malformations: A prospective study of 68 patients. Neurosurgery 1999; 44: 1166–1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunel M, Awad IA, Fingberg K, et al. A founder mutation as a cause of cerebral cavernous malformation in Hispanic Americans. N Engl Med 1996; 334: 946–951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich P, Winkler J, Straube A, et al. Molecular genetic investigations in the CCM1 gene in sporadic cerebral caverno-mas. Neurology 2003; 60: 1135–1138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clatterbuck RE, Eberhart CG, Crain BJ, et al. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence that an incompetent blood—brain barrier is related to the pathophysiology of cavernous malforma-tions. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 71: 188–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunereau L, Labauge P, Tournier-Lasserve E, et al. Familial form of intracranial cavernous angioma: MR imaging findings in 51 families. French Society of Neurosurgery. Radiology 2000; 214: 209–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labauge P, Brunereau L, Levy C, et al. The natural history of familial cerebral cavernomas: A retrospective MRI study of 40 patients. Neuroradiology 2000; 42: 327–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gault J, Sarin H, Awadallah NA, et al. Pathobiology of human cerebrovascular malformations: Basic mechanisms and clinical relevance. Neurosurgery 2004; 55: 1–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coghlan D, Lynch B, Allcutt D. Hereditary cerebral cavernous angiomas: Presentation as idiopathic familial epilepsy. Ir Med 2002; 95: 56–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del lemijn PL, Vanneste JA. Cavernous angiomatosis of the central nervous system: Usefulness of screening the family. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 88: 259–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz M, Kondziolka D. Multiple familial cavernous mal-formations evaluated over three generations with MR. AJNR Am Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 1353–1355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason I, Aase JM, Orrison VVVV, etal. Familial cavernous angiomas of the brain in an Hispanic family. Neurology 1988; 38: 324–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steichen-Gersdorf E, Felber S, Fuchs W, etal. Familial cavernous angiomas of the brain: Observations in a four generation family. Eur Pediatr 1992; 151: 861–863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilanova JC, Barcelo J, Smirniotopoulos JG, et al. Hemangioma from head to toe: MR imaging with pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics 2004; 24: 367–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houteville J. Les cavernomas intra-craniens. Neurochirurgie 1989; 35: 73–131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jell inger K. Vascular malformations of the central nervous system: A morphological overview. Neurosurg Rev 1986; 9: 177–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechevalier B, Houtteville JP. Intracranial cavernous angioma. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1992; 148: 173–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer DL, Awad IA. Vascular malformations and epilepsy: clinical considerations and basic mechanisms. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl. 6): S30—S43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberson GH, Kase CS, Wolpow ER. Telangiectases and cavernous angiomas of the brainstem: ‘Cryptic’ vascular mal-formations. Report of a case. Neuroradiology 1974; 8: 83–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson JR, Jr, Awad IA, Magdinec M, etal. Factors predisposing to clinical disability in patients with cavernous malformations of the brain. Neurosurgery 1993; 32: 730–736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell D, Rubinstein U. Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System, Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Wong JH, Awad IA, Kim JH. Ultrastructural pathological features of cerebrovascular malformations: A preliminary report. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 1454–1459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly LF, Adams DM, Bisset GS, 3rd. Vascular malformations and hemangiomas: A practical approach in a multidisciplinary clinic. AIR Am] Roentgenol 2000; 174: 597–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasso AN, Bell SA, Tadmor R. Intracranial vascular tumors. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1994; 4: 849–870
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindert EL Tan TC, Grotenhuis JA, et al. Giant cavernous hema-ngiomas: Report of three cases. Neurosurg Rev 2007; 30: 83–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick PC, Michelsen WJ. Management of intracranial cavernous and venous malformations. In: Barrow DL, ed. Intra-cranial Vascular Malformations, Park Ridge, IL: AANS, 1990: p.197
   Google Scholar
• Tew JM, Sathi S. Cavernous malformations. In: Welch KM, Caplan LR, Reis DJ, Siesjo BK, Weir B, eds. Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1997: p. 550
   Google Scholar
• Craig HD, Gunel M, Cepeda O, et al. Multilocus linkage identified two new loci for a mendelian form of stroke, cerebral cavernous malformation, at 7p15-13 and 3q25.2-27. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7: 1851–1858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cave-Riant F, Denier C, Labauge P, et al. Spectrum and expression analysis of KRIT1 mutations in 121 consecutive and unrelated patients with cerebral cavernous malformations. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10: 733–740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen DH, Lipe HP, Qin Z, et al. Cerebral cavernous malforma-tion: Novel mutation in a Chinese family and evidence for heterogeneity. I Neurol Sci 2002; 196: 91–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport WJ, Siegel AM, Dichgans J, et al. CCM1 gene mutations in families segregating cerebral cavernous malforma-tions. Neurology 2001; 56: 540–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Clatterbuck RE, Rigamonti D, et al. Mutations in KRIT1 in familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 1272–1279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo T, Johnson EW, Thomas JW, et al. Mutations in the gene encoding KRIT1, a Krev-1/rap1a binding protein, cause cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM1). Hum Mol Genet1999; 8: 2325-2333
   Google Scholar
• Laberge-le Couteulx S, Jung HH, Labauge P, et al. Truncating mutations in CCM1, encoding KRIT1, cause hereditary cavernous angiomas. Nat Genet 1999; 23: 189–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbour P, Gault J, Awad IA. What genes can teach us about human cerebrovascular malformations. Clin Neurosurg 2004; 51: 140–152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubovsky J, Zabramski JM, Kurth J, etal. A gene responsible for cavernous malformations of the brain maps to chromosome 7q. Hum Mol Genet 1995; 4: 453–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verlaan DJ, Davenport WJ, Stefan H, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformations: Mutations in Krit1. Neurology 2002; 58: 853-857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergametti F, Denier C, Labauge P, et al. Mutations within the programmed cell death 10 gene cause cerebral cavernous malformations. Am] Hum Genet 2005; 76: 42–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurans MS, DiLuna ML, Shin D, etal. Mutational analysis of 206 families with cavernous malformations. I Neurosurg 2003; 99: 38–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas M, Costa AF, Montori M, etal. Germline mutations in the CCM1 gene, encoding Krit1, cause cerebral cavernous malforma-tions. Ann Neurol 2001; 49: 529–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Kestle JR. The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations. ] Neurosurg 1995; 83: 820-824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferroli P, Casazza M, Marras C, et al. Cerebral cavernomas and seizures: A retrospective study on 163 patients who underwent pure lesionectomy. Neurol Sci 2006; 26: 390–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raychaudhuri R, Batjer HH, Awad IA. Intracranial cavernous angioma: A practical review of clinical and biological aspects. Surg Neurol 2005; 63: 319–328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simard JM, Garcia-Bengochea F, Ballinger WE, Jr, et al. Cavernous angioma: a review of 126 collected and 12 new clinical cases. Neurosurgery 1986; 18: 162–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maraire JN, Awad IA. Intracranial cavernous malformations: Lesion behavior and management strategies. Neurosurgery 1995; 37: 591–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casazza M, Broggi G, Franzini A, etal. Supratentorial cavernous angiomas and epileptic seizures: Preoperative course and post-operative outcome. Neurosurgery 1996; 39: 26–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Angelo VA, de Bonis C, Amoroso R, et al. Supratentorial cerebral cavernous malformations: Clinical, surgical, and genetic involvement. Neurosurg Focus 2006; 21: e9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran NF, Fish DR, Kitchen N, et al. Supratentorial cavernous haemangiomas and epilepsy: A review of the literature and case series. ] Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 66: 561–568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigamonti D, Drayer BP, Johnson PC, etal. The MRI appearance of cavernous malformations (angiomas). I Neurosurg 1987; 67: 518–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiba T, Tanaka R, Koike T, et al. Natural history of intracranial cavernous malformations. I Neurosurg 1995; 83: 56–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkersma H, Mooij JJ. Follow-up of 13 patients with surgical treatment of cerebral cavernous malformations: Effect on epilepsy and patient disability. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2001; 103: 67–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabramski JM, Wascher TM, Spetzler RF, etal. The natural history of familial cavernous malformations: Results of an ongoing study. I Neurosurg 1994; 80: 422–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter PJ, Willinsky RA, Harper W, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformations: Natural history and prognosis after clinical deterioration with or without hemorrhage. I Neurosurg 1997; 87: 190–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afridi S, Goadsby PJ. New onset migraine with a brain stem cavernous angioma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 680–682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik SN, Young WB. Midbrain cavernous malformation causing migraine-1 ike headache. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 1016–1019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goadsby PJ. Neurovascular headache and a midbrain vascular malformation: Evidence for a role of the brainstem in chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 2002; 22: 107–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruyn GW. Intracranial arteriovenous malformation and migraine. Cephalalgia 1984; 4: 191–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troost BT, Mark LE, Maroon JC. Resolution of classic migraine after removal of an occipital lobe AVM. Ann Neurol 1979; 5: 199–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurita H, Shin M, Kirino T. Resolution of migraine with aura caused by an occipital arteriovenous malformation. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 1219–1220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waltimo O, Hokkanen E, Pirskanen R. Intracranial arteriovenous malformations and headache. Headache 1975; 15: 133–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin NH, Hosobuchi Y, Lamb S. Headache may arise from perturbation of brain. Headache 1987; 27: 416–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbel-Garcia A, Martinez-Sal io A, Porta-Etessam J, etal. Venous angioma associated with atypical ophtalmoplegic migraine. Headache 2004; 44: 440–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil ler C, May A, Limmroth V, et a/. Brain stem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med 1995; 1: 658–660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefan H, Hummel C, Hopfengartner R, et al. Magnetoence-phalography in extratemporal epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 17: 190–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer JP, Cosgrove GR, Villemure JG, et al. Intracerebral cavernous angiomas. Neurology 1988; 38: 1699–1704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefan H, Hammen T. Cavernous haemangiomas, epilepsy and treatment strategies. Acta Neurol Scand 2004; 110; 393–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckingham MJ, Crone KR, Ball WS, et al. Management of cerebral cavernous angiomas in children presenting with seizures. Childs Nerv Syst 1989; 5: 347–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Tribolet N, Kaech D, Perentes E. Cerebellar haematoma due to a cavernous angioma in a child. Acta Neurochir(Wien) 1982; 60: 37-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortuna A, Ferrante L, Mastronardi L, et al. Cerebral cavernous angioma in children. Childs Nerv Syst 1989; 5: 201–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosla VK, Banerjee AK, Mathuriya SN, et al. Giant cystic cavernoma in a child. Case report.] Neurosurg 1984; 60: 1297-1299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzati E, Padovani R, Morrone B, et al. Cerebral cavernous angiomas in children. ] Neurosurg 1980; 53: 826–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott RM, Barnes P, Kupsky W, etal. Cavernous angiomas of the central nervous system in children. ] Neurosurg 1992; 76: 38–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voigt K,Yasargil MG. Cerebral cavernous haemangiomas or cavernomas. Incidence, pathology, localization, diagnosis, clin-ical features and treatment. Review of the literature and report of an unusual case. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 1976; 19: 59–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson EW, lyer LM, Rich SS, etal. Refined localization of the cerebral cavernous malformation gene (CCM1) to a 4-cM interval of chromosome 7q contained in a well-defined YAC contig. Genome Res 1995; 5: 368–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaquero J, Leunda G, Martinez R, etal. Cavernomas of the brain. Neurosurgery 1983; 12: 208–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey AT, Thomas DG, Harkness WE. Stereotactically guided craniotomy for cavernous angioma presenting with epilepsy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995; 137: 34–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad IA, Robinson JR, Jr, Mohanty S, et al. Mixed vascular malformations of the brain: Clinical and pathogenetic considera-tions. Neurosurgery 1993; 33: 179–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange SC, Neafsey EJ, Wyler AR. Neuronal activity in chronic ferric chloride epileptic foci in cats and monkey. Epilepsia 1980; 21: 251–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen DS, Zubay GP, Goodman RR. Seizure outcome after lesionectomy for cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 1995; 83: 237–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock BE, Garces YI, Stafford SL, etal. Stereotactic radiosurgery for cavernous malformations. ] Neurosurg 2000; 93: 987–991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung H, Giannotta SL, Chandrasoma PT, et al. Recurrent intraparenchymal hemorrhages from angiographically occult vascular malformations. ] Neurosurg 1990; 73: 174–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobato RD, Perez C, Rivas JJ, et al. Clinical, radiological, and pathological spectrum of angiographically occult intracranial vascular malformations. Analysis of 21 cases and review of the I iterature. J Neurosurg 1988; 68: 518–531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ide C, de Coene B, Baudrez V. MR features of cavernous angioma.1BR-BTR 2000; 83: 320
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Requena I, Arias M, Lopez-lbor L, etal. Cavernomas of the central nervous system: Clinical and neuroimaging manifestations in 47 patients. ] Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 590–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson EH, Houser OW, Scheithauer BW, et al. Angiographically occult vascular malformations: A correlative study of features on magnetic resonance imaging and histological examination. Neurosurgery 1994; 34: 792–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin RH, Drayer BP, Riederer SJ, etal. T2 estimates in healthy and diseased brain tissue: A comparison using various MR pulse sequences. Radiology 1986; 160: 375–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drayer B, Burger P, Darwin R, etal. MRI of brain iron. AJR Am] Roentgenol 1986; 147: 103–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, et al. Occult cerebral vascular malformations: High-field MR imaging. Radiology 1986; 158: 707–713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, et al. Intracranial hematomas: Imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 1985; 157: 87-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New PE, Ojemann RG, Davis KR, et al. MR and CT of occult vascular malformations of the brain. AJR Am] Roentgenol 1986; 147: 985–993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roob G, Fazekas F. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral microbleeds. Curr Opin Neurol 2000; 13: 69–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PC, Michelson WJ. Management of intracranial cavernous and venous malformations. In: Barrow DL, ed. Intracranial Vascular Malformations, Park Ridge, IL: AANS, 1990. p. 197
   Google Scholar
• Kamezawa T, Hamada J, Niiro M, etal. Clinical implications of associated venous drainage in patients with cavernous malforma-tion. J Neurosurg 2005; 102: 24–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Asmi A, Benar CG, Gross DW, et a/. fMRI activation in continuous and spike-triggered EEG-fMRI studies of epileptic spikes. Epilepsia 2003; 44: 1328–1339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JK, Benar C, Al-Asmi A, et al. Using patient-specific hemodynamic response functions in combined EEG-fMRI studies in epilepsy. Neuroimage 2003; 20: 1162–1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagshaw P, Aghakhani Y, Benar CG, et al. EEG-fMRI of focal epileptic spikes: Analysis with multiple haemodynamic functions and comparison with gadolinium-enhanced MR angiograms. Hum Brain Mapp 2004; 22: 179–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raychaudhuri R, Batjer HH, Awad IA. Intracranial cavernous angioma: A practical review of clinical and biological aspects. Surg Neurol 2005; 63: 319–328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fritschi JA, Reulen HJ, Spetzler RE, et a/. Cavernous malforma-tions of the brainstem: A review of 139 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 130: 35–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noto S, Fuji i M, Akimura T, et al . Management of patients with cavernous angiomas presenting epileptic seizures. Surg Neurol 2005; 64: 495–499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esposito V, Oppido PA, Delfini R, et al. A simple method for stereotactic microsurgical excision of small, deep-seated caver-nous angiomas. Neurosurgery 1994; 34: 515–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerch KD, Schaefer D, Palleske H. Stereotactic microresection of small cerebral vascular malformations (SCVM). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 130: 28–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg GK, Chang SD, Gewirtz RJ, etal. Microsurgical resection of brainstem, thalamic, and basal ganglia angiographically occult vascular malformations. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 260–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kida Y, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T. Treatment of symptomatic A0VMs with radiosurgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1995; 63: 68–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fabrikant JI, Levy RP, Steinberg GK, et al. Charged-particle radiosurgery for intracranial vascular malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1992; 3: 99–139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang SD, Levy RP, Adler JR, Jr, etal. Stereotactic radiosurgery of angiographically occult vascular malformations: 14-year experi-ence. Neurosurgery 1998; 43: 213–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad I, Jabbour P. Cerebral cavernous malformations and epilepsy. Neurosurg Focus 2006; 21: e7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chabert E, Morandi X, Carney MP, et a/. Intramedullary cavernous malformations.] Neuroradiol 1999; 26: 262–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arita K, Kurisu K, lida K, etal. Surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy caused by cavernous angioma in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere — three case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2000; 40: 439–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Antoniadis G, Rath S, etal. Cavernoma. Indications for surgical removal and outcome. Nervenarzt 1996; 67: 301–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappabianca P, Alfieri A, Maiuri F, et al. Supratentorial cavernous malformations and epilepsy: Seizure outcome after lesionectomy on a series of 35 patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997; 99: 179–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojemann RG, Ogilvy CS. Microsurgical treatment of supratentor-ial cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1999; 10: 433–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder HW, Gaab MR, Runge U. Supratentorial cavernous angiomas and epileptic seizures: Preoperative course and post-operative outcome. Neurosurgery 1997; 40: 885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie J, Ma Z, Luo S. The clinical features and treatment of cerebral cavernous angiomas in children. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002; 82: 407–409
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Awad IA, Rosenfeld J, Ahl J, et al. Intractable epilepsy and structural lesions of the brain: Mapping, resection strategies, and seizure outcome. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 179–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchyard A, Khangure M, Grainger K. Cerebral cavernous angioma: A potentially benign condition? Successful treatment in 16 cases. ] Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 1040–1045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosgrove GR. Occult vascular malformations and seizures. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1999; 10: 527–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Kestle JR. The natural history of cerebral cavernous alformations. J Neurosurg 1995; 83: 820–824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen DS, Zubay GT, Goodman RR. Seizure outcome after lesionectomy for cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 1995; 83: 237–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar