References
- Rossato E, Marziali A, Carraro U, et al. RISE2-Italy Project: Muscle FES after peripheral nerve lesion. Basic Appl Myol 2009; 19: 169–172
- Mödlin M, Forstner C, Hofer C, et al. Electrical stimulation of denervated muscles: First results of a clinical study. Artif Organs 2005; 29: 203–206
- Kern H, Boncompagni S, Rossini K, et al. Long-term denervationin humans causes degeneration of both contractile and excitation—contraction coupling apparatus that can be reversed by functional electrical stimulation (FES). A role for myofiber regeneration? J Neuropath Exp Neurol 2004; 63: 919–931
- Mandl T, Meyerspeer M, Reichel M, et al. Functional electrical stimulation of long-term denervated, degenerated human skeletal muscle: Estimating activation using T2-parameter magnetic resonance imaging methods. Artif Organs 2008; 32: 604–608
- Gargiulo P. 3D modelling and monitoring of denervated muscle under functional electrical stimulation treatment and associated bone structural changes. Doctoral thesis, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 2008.
- Helgason T, Gargiulo P, Jóhannesdöttir F, et al. Monitoring muscle growth and tissue changes induced by electrical stimulation of denervated degenerated muscles with CT and stereolithographic 3D modeling. Artif Organs 2005: 29: 440–443
- Gargiulo P, Helgason T, Ingvarsson P, et al. Morphological changes in denervated muscle treated with FES. Basic Appl Myol 2007; 17: 133–136
- Gargiulo P, Vatnsdal B, Ingvarsson P, et al. Restoration of musclevolume and shape induced by electrical stimulation of denervated degenerated muscles: Qualitative and quantitative measurement of changes in rectus femoris using computer tomography and image segmentation. Artif Organs 2008; 32: 609–613
- Kern H, Carraro U, Adami N, et al. One year of home-based functional electrical stimulation (FES) in complete lower motor neuron paraplegia: Recovery of tetanic contractility drives the structural improvements of denervated muscle. Neurol Res 2009; 31: to be published.
- Kern H, Carraro U. Translational myology focus on: Clinical challenges of functional electrical stimulation of denervated muscle. Basic Appl Myol 2008; 18: 37–100
- Rossini K, Zanin ME, Podhorska-Okolow M, et al. To stage and quantify regenerative myogenesis in human long-term permanent denervated muscle. Basic Appl Myol 2002; 12: 277–286
- Gorgey SA, Dudley GA. Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2007; 45: 304–309
- Lotta S, Scelsi R, Alfonsi E, et al. Morphometric and neurophy-siological analysis of skeletal muscle in paraplegic patients with traumatic cord lesion. Paraplegia 1991; 29: 247–252
- Taylor PN, Ewins DJ, Fox B, et al. Limb blood flow, cardiac output and quadriceps muscle bulk following spinal cord injury and the effect of training for the Odstock functional electrical stimulation standing system. Paraplegia 1993; 3: 303–310
- Andersen JL, Mohr T, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. Myosin heavy chain isoform transformation in single fibers from m. vastus lateralis in spinal cord injured individuals: effects of long-term functional electrical stimulation (FES). Pflugers Arch 1996; 431: 513–518
- Adams MM, Ditor DS, Tarnopolsky MA, et al. The effect of body weight-supported treadmill training on muscle morphology in an individual with chronic, motor-complete spinal cord injury: A case study. J Spinal Cord Med 2006; 29: 167–171
- Castro MJ, Apple DF, Jr, Staron RS, et al. Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle within 6 mo of injury. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 350–358
- Crameri RM, Weston AR, Rutkowski S, et al. Effects of electrical stimulation leg training during the acute phase of spinal cord injury: A pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 83: 409–415
- Giangregorio LM, Webber CE, Phillips SM, et al. Can body weight supported treadmill training increase bone mass and reverse muscle atrophy in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2006; 31: 283–291
- Kern H, Hofer C, Mödlin M, et al. Stable muscle atrophy in long-term paraplegics with complete upper motor neuron lesion from 3-to 20-year SCI. Spinal Cord 2008; 46: 293–304
- Mohr T, Andersen JL, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. Long-term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals. Spinal Cord 1997; 35: 1–16
- Dulhunty AF, Gage PW. Excitation—contraction coupling and charge movement in denervated rat extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscle. J Physiol 1985; 358: 375–389
- Biral D, Kern H, Adami N, et al. Atrophy-resistant fibers in permanent peripheral denervation of human skeletal muscle. Neurol Res 2008; 30: 137–144
- Kern H. Funktionelle Elektrostimulation paraplegischer Patienten. Osterr Z Phy Med 1995; 5 (Suppl. 1): S1—S79
- Kern H, Hofer C, Strohhofer M, et al. Standing up with denervated muscles in humans using functional electrical stimula-tion. Artif Organs 1999; 23: 447–452
- Mayr W, Bijak M, Rafolt D, et al. Basic design and construction of the Vienna FES implants: Existing solutions and prospects for new generations of implants. Med Eng Phys 2001; 23: 53–60
- Kern H, Hofer C, Modlin M, et al. Denervated muscles in humans: Limitations and problems of currently used functional electrical stimulation training protocols. Artif Organs 2002; 26: 216–218
- Kern H, Salmons S, Mayr W, et al. Recovery of long-term denervated human muscles induced by electrical stimulation. Muscle Nerve 2005; 31: 98–101