How right is the righting reflex? The risk of false positives in neuroprotection studies using behavioral measures to certify forebrain ischemia

References

• Pulsinelli WA, Brierley JB. A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the unanesthetized rat. Stroke. 1979; 10: 267–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman RE, Lee JM, Zipfel GJ, Wozniak DF. Characterizing learning deficits and hippocampal neuron loss following transient global cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 2005; 1043: 48–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendel O, Alkass K, Bueters T, von Euler M, von Euler G. Reproducible loss of CA1 neurons following carotid artery occlusion combined with halothane-induced hypotension. Brain Res. 2005; 1033: 135–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quartermain D, Li Y, Jonas S. Enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin decreases infarct size and improves sensorimo-tor function in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett. 2000; 288: 155–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner DS, Ludwig PS, Pearlstein R, Brinkhous AD. Halothane reduces focal ischemic injury in the rat when brain temperature is controlled. Anesthesiology. 1995; 82: 1237–45; discussion 27A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small DL, Buchan AM. Animal models. Br Med Bull. 2000; 56: 307–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashworth-Preece MA, Jarrott B, Lawrence AJ. 5-Hydroxytryptamine3 receptor modulation of excitatory amino acid release in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius. Neurosci Lett. 1995; 191: 75–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzi M, Fallacara C, Arrighi V, Memo M, Spano PF. Attenuation of excitatory amino acid toxicity by metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists and aniracetam in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem. 1993; 61: 683–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabryel B, Adamczyk J, Huzarska M, Pudelko A, Trzeciak HI. Aniracetam attenuates apoptosis of astrocytes subjected to simulated ischemia in vitro. Neurotoxicology. 2002; 23: 385–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi N, Chen J, Liu K, Nagaro T, Arai T. Metyrapone alleviates ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999; 373: 147–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Swintosky VL, Pettigrew LC, Sapolsky RM, Phares C, Craddock SD, Brooke SM, et al. Metyrapone, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid production, reduces brain injury induced by focal and global ischemia and seizures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996; 16: 585–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milot MR, Plamondon H. Time-dependent effects of global cerebral ischemia on anxiety, locomotion, and habituation in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2009; 200: 173–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugio K, Horigome N, Sakaguchi T, Goto M. A model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia-modified four-vessel occlusion in rats. Stroke. 1988; 19: 922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruana DA, Nesbitt C, Mumby DG, Chapman CA. Seizure activity in the rat hippocampus, perirhinal and prefrontal cortex associated with transient global cerebral ischemia. J Neural Transm. 2008; 115: 401–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu S, Cai J. Effects of aniracetam on extracellular levels of transmitter amino acids in the hippocampus of the conscious gerbils: an intracranial microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett. 2003; 339: 187–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin JR, Cumin R, Aschwanden W, Moreau JL, Jenck F, Haefely WE. Aniracetam improves radial maze performance in rats. Neuroreport. 1992; 3: 81–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar RP, Karan RS, Handu SS, Bhargava VK. Effect of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron on amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and stereotypy in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000; 44: 355–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori K, Togashi H, Ueno KI, Matsumoto M, Yoshioka M. Aminoguanidine prevented the impairment of learning beha-vior and hippocampal long-term potentiation following tran-sient cerebral ischemia. Behav Brain Res. 2001; 120: 159–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green EJ, Dietrich WD, van Dijk F, Busto R, Markgraf CG, McCabe PM, et al. Protective effects of brain hypothermia on behavior and histopathology following global cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 1992; 580: 197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling DS, Benardo LS. Nootropic agents enhance the recruit-ment of fast GABAA inhibition in rat neocortex. Cereb Cortex. 2005; 15: 921–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puig MV, Santana N, Celada P, Mengod G, Artigas F. In vivo excitation of GABA interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex through 5-HT3 receptors. Cereb Cortex. 2004; 14: 1365–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo N, Martijena ID, Molina VA, Volosin M. Metyrapone pretreatment prevents the behavioral and neurochemical sequelae induced by stress. Brain Res. 1998; 800: 227–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds DS, Rosahl TW, Cirone J, O'Meara GF, Haythornthwaite A, Newman RJ, et al. Sedation and anesthesia mediated by distinct GABA(A) receptor isoforms. J Neurosci. 2003; 23: 8608–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulsinelli WA, Buchan AM. The four-vessel occlusion rat model: method for complete occlusion of vertebral arteries and control of collateral circulation. Stroke. 1988; 19: 913–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulsinelli WA, Duffy TE. Regional energy balance in rat brain after transient forebrain ischemia. J Neurochem. 1983; 40: 1500–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill MJ, Clemens JA. Rodent models of global cerebral ischemia. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2001;Chapter 9 :Unit 9.5.
   Google Scholar
• Buchan A, Li H, Pulsinelli WA. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK-801, fails to protect against neuronal damage caused by transient, severe forebrain ischemia in adult rats. J Neurosci. 1991; 11: 1049-56.
   Google Scholar