Publication Cover
Neurological Research
A Journal of Progress in Neurosurgery, Neurology and Neurosciences
Volume 33, 2011 - Issue 4
99
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Techniques of intraoperative monitoring for spinal cord function: their past, present, and future directions

, &
Pages 363-370 | Published online: 02 Dec 2013

References

  • Amassian YE. Animal and human motor system neurophysiol-ogy related to intraoperative monitoring. In: Deletis V, Shils JL, editors. Neurophysiology in neurosurgery. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2002. p. 3-23.
  • Amassian YE, Cracco RQ, Maccabee PJ. Focal stimulation of human cerebral cortex with the magnetic coil: a comparison with electrical stimulation. Electroenceph Clin Neurophys 1989; 74: 401–16.
  • Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet 1985; 1: 1106–7.
  • Branston NM, Symon L, Crockard HA, Pasztor E. Relationship between the cortical evoked potential and local cortical blood flow following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion in the baboon. Exp Neurol 1974; 45: 195–208.
  • Britt R, Starr A. Synaptic events and discharge patterns of cochlear nucleus cells. II. Frequency-modulated tones. J Neurophysiol 1976; 39: 179–94.
  • Brown RH, Nash CL. Standardization of evoked potential recording. In: Ducker TB, Brown RH, editors. Neurophysiology and standards of spinal cord monitoring. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1988. p. 1-10.
  • Cracco JB, Amassian YE, Cracco RQ, Maccabee PJ. Brain stimulation revisited. J Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 7: 3–15.
  • Cracco RQ. Spinal evoked response: peripheral nerve stimula-tion in man. Electroencepahlogr Clin Neurophysiol 1973; 35: 379–86.
  • Cruccu G, Aminoff MJ, Curio G, Guerit JM, Kakigi R, Mauguiere F, et al. Recommendations for the clinical use of somatosensory-evoked potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119: 1705–19.
  • Dawson EG, Sherman JE, Kanim LE, Nuwer MR. Spinal cord monitoring. Results of the scoliosis research society and the European spinal deformity society survey. Spine 1991; 16: S361–4.
  • Deletis V. Intraoperative monitoring of the functional integrety of the motor pathways. In: Devinsky O, Beric A, Dogali M, editors. Advances in neurology: electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain. New York: Raven Press; 1993. p. 201-214.
  • Deletis V. Intraoperative monitoring of the functional integrity of the motor pathways. Adv Neurol 1993; 63: 201–14.
  • Deletis V. Intraoperative monitoring: motor evoked potentials methodology. In: Deletis V, Shils JL, editors. Neurophysiology in neurosurgery. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2002. p. 24-30.
  • Deletis V. Intraoperative neurophysiology and methodologies used to monitor the functional integrity of the motor system. In: Deletis V, Shils JL, eds. Neurophysiology in neurosurgery. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2002. p. 25-51.
  • Deletis V, Camargo AB. Interventional neurophysiological mapping and monitoring during spinal cord procedures. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2001; 77: 25–8.
  • Deletis V, Sala F. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitor-ing of the spinal cord during spinal cord and spine surgery: a review focus on the corticospinal tracts. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119: 248–64.
  • Devlin VJ, Anderson PA, Schwartz DM, Vaughan R. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring: focus on cervical myelopathy and related issues. Spine J 2006; 6: 5212–24.
  • Gualtierotti T, Patterson AS. Electrical stimualtion of the unexpeosed cerebral cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 1954; 125: 278–91.
  • Herron LD, Trippi AC, Gonyeau M. Intraoperative use of dermatomal somatosensory-evoked potentials in lumbar ste-nosis surgery. Spine 1987; 12: 379–83.
  • Hilibrand AS, Schwartz DM, Sethuraman V, Vaccaro AR, Albert TJ. Comparison of transcranial electric motor and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during cervical spine surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86: 1248–53.
  • Jasper H, Lende R, Rasmussen T. Evoked potentials from the exposed somato-sensory cortex in man. J Nerv Ment Dis 1960; 130: 526–37.
  • Kai Y, Owen JH, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Oakley DM, Sugioka Y. Use of sciatic neurogenic motor evoked potentials versus spinal potentials to predict early-onset neurologic deficits when intervention is still possible during overdistraction. Spine 1993; 18: 1134–9.
  • Kitagawa H, Moller AR. Conduction pathways and generators of magnetic evoked spinal cord potentials: a study in monkeys. Electroenceph Clin Neurophys 1994; 93: 57–67.
  • Kuypers HGJM. Anatomy of the descending pathways. In: Brookhart JM, Mountcastle VB, eds. Handbook of physiology the nervous system. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1981. p. 597-666.
  • Legatt AD, Emerson RG. Motor evoked potential monitoring-it's about time. J Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 19: 383–6.
  • Leppanen R, Madigan R, Sears C, Maguire J, Wallace S, Captain J. Intraoperative collision studies demonstrate des-cending spinal cord stimulation evoked potentials and ascend-ing somatosensory evoked potentials are medicated through common pathways. J Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 16: 170.
  • Leppanen R, Maguire J, Wallace S, Madigan R, Draper V. Intraoperative lower extremity reflex muscle activity as an adjunct to conventional somatosensory-evoked potentials and descending neurogenic monitoring in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1995; 20: 1872–7.
  • Maccabee PJ, Levine DB, Pinkhasov El, Cracco RQ, Tsairis P. Evoked potentials recorded from scalp and spinous processes during spinal column surgery. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1983; 56: 569–82.
  • MacDonald DB. Intraoperative facial motor evoked potentials? J Neurosurg 2007; 106: 517–8.
  • MacDonald DB. Safety of intraoperative transcranial electrical stimulation motor evoked potential monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 19: 416–29.
  • Marsden CD, Merton PA, Morton HB. Direct electrical stimulation of corticospinal pathways through the intact scalp in human subjects. Adv Neurol 1983; 39: 387–91.
  • Merton PA, Morton HB. Electrical stimulation of human motor and visual cortex through the scalp. J Physiol 1980; 305: 9–10.
  • Milner-Brown SH, Girvin JP, Brown WF. The effects of motor cortical stimulation on the excitability of spinal motoneurons in man. Can J Neurol Sci 1975; 2: 245–53.
  • Nash CL, Long RA, Schatzinger LA, Brown RH. Spinal cord monitoring during operative treatment of the spine. Clin Orthop 1977; 126: 100–5.
  • Nash CL, Brown RH. Spinal cord monitoring. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71: 627–30.
  • Neuloh G, Schramm J. Intraoperative neurophysiological mapping and monioring for supratentorial procedures. In: Deletis J, Shils JL, editors. Neurophysiology in neurosurgery. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002. p. 339-401.
  • Assessment: intraoperative neurophysiology. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1990; 40: 1641 6.
  • Nuwer MR: Spinal cord monitoring. Muscle Nerve 1999; 22: 1620–30.
  • Nuwer MR, Dawson EG, Carlson LG, Kanim LE, Sherman JE. Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter study. Electroenceph Clin Neurophys 1995; 96: 6–11.
  • Osburn L. A guide to the performance of transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials. Part 1. Basic concepts, recording parameters, special considerations, and application. Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol 2006; 46: 98–158.
  • Owen JH, Bridwell KH, Grubb R, Jenny A, Allen B, Padberg AM, et al. The clinical application of neurogenic motor evoked potentials to monitor spinal cord function during surgery. Spine 1991; 16: S385–90.
  • Pagni CA, Naddeo M, Mascari: history of evoked potential recording in humans. In: Grundy RL, Villani RM, editors. Evoked potentials: intraoperative and ICU monitoring. Wien: Springer-Verlag; 1988. p. 17-44.
  • Penfield W, Boldrey E. Somatic motor and sensory representa-tion in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 1937; 60: 389–443.
  • Pereon Y, Nguyen ST, Delecrin J, Pham Dang C, Bodin J, Drouet JC, et al. Combined spinal cord monitoring using mixed evoked potentials and collision techniques. Spine 2002; 27: 1571–6.
  • Quinones-Hinojosa A, Lyon R, Zada G, Lamborn KR, Gupta N, Parsa AT, et al. Changes in transcranial motor evoked potentials during intramedullary spinal cord tumor resection correlate with postoperative motor function. Neurosurgery 2005; 56: 982–93.
  • Raudzens RA. Intraoperative monitoring of evoked potentials. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982; 388: 308–26.
  • Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD, Boyd SG, Marsden CD. Motor cortical stimulation in intact man: Physiological mechanisms and application in intraoperative monitoring. In: Desmedt JE, editor. Neuromonitoring in surgery. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.; 1989. p. 71-98.
  • Sala F, Bricolo A, Faccioli F, Lanteri P, Gerosa M. Surgery for intramedullary spinal cord tumors: the role of intraoperative (neurophysiological) monitoring. Eur Spine J 2007;16(Suppl. 2):130-9.
  • Schwartz DM, Auerbach JD, Dormans JP, Flynn J, Drummond DS, Bowe JA, et al. Neurophysiological detection of impending spinal cord injury during scoliosis surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89: 2440–9.
  • Shimoji K, Hihashi H, Kano T. Epidural recording of spinal electrogram in man. Electroencephalog. Clin Neurophysiol 1971; 30: 236–9.
  • Skinner R, Nagib M, Bergman TA, Maxwell RE, Msangi G. The initial use of free-running electromyography to detect early motor tract injury during resection of intramedullary spinal cord lesions. Neurosurgery 2004; 56: ONS-299-314.
  • Sloan T. Anesthesia and motor evoked potential monitoring. In: Deletis V, Shils JL, editors. Neurophysiology in neurosur-gery. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002. p. 451-74.
  • Symon L, Hargadine J, Zawirski M, Branston N. Central conduction time as an index of ischemia in subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Sci 1979; 44: 95–103
  • Tamaki T, Noguchi T, Takano H, Tsuji H, Nakagawa T, Imai K, et al. Spinal cord monitoring as a clinical utilization of the spinal evoked potential. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1984; 184: 58–64.
  • Tamaki T, Tsuji H, Inoue S, Kobayashi H. The prevention of iatrogenic spinal cord injury utilizing the evoked spinal cord potential. Int Orthop 1981; 4: 313–7.
  • Toleikis JR. Neurophysiological monitoring during pedicle screw placement. In: Deletis V, Shils JL, editors. Neurophysiology in neurosurgery. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002. p. 231-64.
  • Weiss DS. Spinal cord and nerve root monitoring during surgical treatment of lumbar stenosis. Clin Orthop 2001; 384: 82–100.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.