References
- Mantyselka P, Kumpusalo E, Ahonen R et al. Pain as a reason to visit the doctor: a study in Finnish primary health care. Pain 2001; 89: 175–180.
- Moskovitz, MA. Advances in understanding chronic pain: mechanisms of pain modulation and relationship to treatment. Neurology 2002; 59: Si.
- Sleed M, Eccleston C, Beecham J et al. The economic impact of chronic pain in adolescence: methodological considerations and a preliminary cost-of-illness study. Pain 2005; 119: 183–190.
- Renn C, Dorsey S. Pain management: the physiology of processing pain. AACN Adv Crit Care Nurs 2005; 16: 277–290.
- American Pain Society. 2006 http://www.painfoundation.org/page.asp?filenewsroom/painsurveys.htm [ Accessed 29 January 2009].
- Vorobeychik Y, Chen L, Bush M et al. Improved opioid analgesic effect following opioid dose reduction. Pain Med 2008; 9: 724–727.
- Rowbotham MC, Lindsey CD. How effective is long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain? Clin J Pain 2007; 23: 300–302.
- Loeser J. Loeser address on the decade of pain control and research. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2003; 17: 263–264.
- Rasmussen N, Farr L. Beta-endorphin response to an acute pain stimulus. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 177:285–288.
- Mirtz TA, Greene L. Is obesity a risk factor for low back pain? An example of using the evidence to answer a clinical question. Chiropr Osteopathy 2005; 13: 2–8.
- Mayer J, Mooney V, Dagenais S. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with lumbar extensor strengthening exercises. Spine J2008; 8:96–113.
- Marcus D. Treatment of nonmalignant chronic pain. Am Acad Fam Phys 2000; 61: 1331–1346.
- Schwenk TL, Gorenflo DW, Dopp RR et al. Depression and pain in retired football players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 599–605.
- Sharp J, Keefe B. Psychiatry in chronic pain: a review and update. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2005; 7: 213–219.
- Carragee E. Persistent low back pain. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1891–1898.
- Von Korff M, Simon G. The relationship between pain and depression. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1996; 30: 101�108.
- Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH et al. Fear of pain is more disabling than the pain itself: further evidence on the role of painrelated fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain 1999; 80: 529�539.
- Turk DC, Okifuji A. Psychological factors in chronic pain: Evolution and revolution. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70: 678–690.
- Vlaeyen JW. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 2000; 86: 317�332.
- Brox J, Sorensen R, Friis A et al. Randomized clinical trial of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercise in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration. Spine 2003; 28: 1913�1921.
- Turner-Stokes L, Erkeller-Yuksel F, Miles A et al. Outpatient cognitive behavioral pain management programs: a randomized comparison of a group-based multidisciplinary versus an individual therapy model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 781�788.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53: 25–28.
- King AC, Kiernan M. Physical activity and women�s health: issues and future directions. In: Gallant S, Keita G, Royak-Schaler R. (eds) Health Care For Women: Psychological, Social, and Behavioral Influence. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1997; 133�146.
- World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO, 1997.
- Fanuele JC, Abdu WA, Hanscom B et al. Association between obesity and functional status in patients with spine disease. Spine 2002; 27: 306�312.
- Felson, DT, Anderson JJ, Naimark A et al. Obesity and knee osteoarthritis. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 18–24.
- Blair SN, Horton E, Leon AS et al. Physical activity, nutrition, and chronic disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 335�349.
- Brownell KD. The LEARN program for weight control. Dallas, TX: American Health Publishing, 1998.
- Huang MH, Chen CH, Chen TW et al. The effects of weight reduction on the rehabilitation of patients with knee osteoarthritis and obesity. Arthritis Care Res 2000; 13: 398�405.
- Glenister D. Exercise and mental health: a review. J R Soc Promotion Health 1996; 116: 7–13.
- de Coverley Vsale DMW. Exercise and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 76: 113�120.
- Scheman J, Janotta C, Burleson A et al. Replication and follow-up on treatment outcomes of chronic nonmalignant pain rehabilitation with opioid weaning. J Pain 2007; 8: S51.
- Hoffman MD, Shepanski MA, Ruble SB et al. Intensity and duration threshold for aerobic exercise-induced analgesia to pressure pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 1183�1187.
- Hoffman M, Hoffman D. Does aerobic exercise improve pain perception and mood? Curr Pain Headache Rep 2007; 11: 93–97.
- Hodges P. Core stability exercise in chronic low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 2003; 34: 1–10.
- O'Sullivan P, Phyty D, Twomey L et al. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997; 22: 2959–2967.
- Sullivan, AB, Covington E, Scheman J. The immediate and long-term benefits of physical conditioning in patients with chronic pain. 2008; manuscript submitted to for publication.
- Jones K, Clark S, Bennett R. Prescribing exercise for people with fibromyalgia. AACN Clin Issues 2002; 13: 277–293.
- Nash MS, van de Yen I, van Elk N et al. Effects of circuit resistance training on fitness attributes and upper-extremity pain in middle-aged men with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 88: 70–75.
- Hakkinen A, Kautiainen H, Hannonen P, Ylinen J. Strength training and stretching versus stretching only in the treatment of patients with chronic neck pain: a randomized one-year follow-up study. Clin Rehabil 2008; 22: 592–600.
- Gaskell L, Enright S, Tyson S. The effects of a back rehabilitation program for patients with chronic low back pain. J Eval Clin Practice 2007; 1: 795–800.
- Ko JK. Comparing the effects of drug therapy, physical therapy, and exercise on pain, disability, and depression in patients with chronic low back pain. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2007; 37: 645–654.
- Mayer J, Mooney V, Dagenais S. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with lumbar extensor strengthening exercises. Spine 2008; 8: 96–113.
- Slade SC, Keating JL. Unloaded movement facilitation exercise compared to no exercise or alternative therapy on outcomes for people with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Manip Physiol Ther 2007; 30: 513–534.
- Flor H, Fydrich T, Turk D. Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a meta-analytic review. Pain 1992; 49: 221–230.
- Gatchel R, Okifuji A. Evidence-based scientific data documenting the treatment and cost-effectiveness of comprehensive pain programs for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain 2006; 7: 779–793.
- Friedrich M, Gittler G, Arendasy M et al. Long-term effect of a combined exercise and motivational program on the level of disability of patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 2005; 30: 995–1000.
- Turk DC, McCarberg B. Non-pharmacological treatments for chronic pain: A Disease management context. Dis Manag Health Outcomes 2005; 13: 19–30.
- Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: A joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 478–491.
- Scascighini L, Toma V, Dober-Spielmann S, Sprott H. Multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: A systematic review of interventions and outcomes. Rheumatology 2008; 47: 670–678.