Applied Force as a Determining Factor in Lithic Use-Wear Accrual: An Experimental Investigation of its Validity as a Method with which to Infer Hominin Upper Limb Biomechanics

References

• Alvarez M., Fuentes N.O., Favret E.A., Vanina Dolce M., Forlano A. 2012 Quantifying Use-Wear Traces through RIMAPS and Variogram Analyses. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4: 91–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerly N.W. 1978 Controlling Pressure in Experimental Lithics Research. American Antiquity 43: 480–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello L.C., Wheeler P. 1995 The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and Digestive Systems in Human and Primate Evolution. Current Anthropology 36: 199–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose S.H. 2001 Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution. Science 291: 1746–1753.
   Google Scholar
• Bamforth D.B. 1988 Investigating Microwear Polishes with Blind Tests: The Institute Results in Context. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 11–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcelo J.A., Pijoan J., Vicente O. 2001 Image Quantification as Archaeological Description. In Computing Archaeology for Understanding the Past, edited by , Stancic Z., Veljanovski T. pp. 69–78. Archaeo Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Beyin A. 2010 Use-Wear Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from Later Stone-Age Shell Midden Sites on the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea, with Experimental Results. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1543–1556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bietti A. 1996 Image Processing in Microwear Studies on Flint Artefacts. Convegno Internazionale di Archeologia e Informatica 1995 (International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology) 1: 387–395.
   Google Scholar
• Blumenshine R.J. 1995 Percussion Marks, Tooth Marks, and the Experimental Determinations of the Timing of Hominid and Carnivore Access to Long Bones at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 29: 21–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon R.W. 2008 Is it Legitimate to Characterize Muscle Strength Using a Limited Number of Measures? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22: 166–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn H.T., Kroll E.M. 1986 Systematic Butchery by Plio-Pleistocene Hominids at Olduvai Gorge. Current Anthropology 27: 431–452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christel M.I., Kitzel S., Niemitz C. 1998 How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects. International Journal of Primatology 19: 165–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin C. 1871 The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray, London.
   Google Scholar
• Debert J., Sherriff B.L. 2007 Raspadita: A New Lithic Tool From the Isthmus of Rivas, Nicaragua. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1889–1901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groote I. 2011 The Neanderthal Lower Arm. Journal of Human Evolution 61: 396–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Errico F. 1987 Technologie et fonction du burin de Ripabianca dans le cadre culturel du Neolithique ancien de l'Italie septentrionale. L'Anthropologie 91: 411–432.
   Google Scholar
• Dibble H., Whittaker J.C. 1981 New Experimental Evidence on the Relation between Percussion Flaking and Flake Variation. Journal of Archaeological Science 8: 283–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Rodrigo M. 1997 Meat-Eating by Early Hominids at the FLK 22 Zinjanthropus Site, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania): An Experimental Approach Using Cut-Mark Data. Journal of Human Evolution 33: 669–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Rodrigo M., Pickering T.R., Bunn H.T. 2010 Configurational Approach to Identifying the Earliest Hominin Butchers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 20929–20934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans J. 1872 The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain. Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, London.
   Google Scholar
• Evans A.A., Donahue R.E. 2008 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy: A Potential Technique for the Study of Lithic Microwear. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2223–2230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullagar R.L.K. 1991 The Role of Silica in Polish Formation. Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Urquijo J.E., Ibanez-Estevez J.J. 2003 The Quantification of Use-Wear Polish Using Image Analysis. First Results. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 481–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodale N., Otis H., Andrefsky W., Kuijt I., Finlayson B., Bart K. 2010 Sickle Blade Life-History and the Transition to Agriculture: An Early Neolithic Case Study from Southwest Asia. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1192–1201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlieb C.C., Kreyszig H.E. 1990 Texture Descriptors Based on Co-Occurance Matrices. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 51: 70–86.
   Google Scholar
• Grace R. 1996 Use-Wear Analysis: The State of the Art. Archaeometry 38: 209–229.
   Google Scholar
• Grace R., Graham D.G., Newcomer M.H. 1985 The Quantification of Microwear Polishes. World Archaeology 17: 112–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick M.W., Churchill S.E., Schmitt D., Hylander W.L. 1998 EMG of the Human Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle: Implications for the Evolution of Hominid Tool Use. Journal of Human Evolution 34: 123–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haralick R.M., Shanmugam K., Distein I. 1973 Textural Features for Image Classification. Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 3: 610–621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy B.L., Moncel M.-H. 2011 Neanderthal Use of Fish, Mammals, Birds, Starchy Plants and Wood 125–250 000 Years Ago. PLoS ONE 6: e23768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden B. 1979 Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen H.J. 1988 Functional Analysis of Prehistoric Flint Tools by High Power Microscopy: A Review of Western European Research. Journal of World Prehistory 2: 53–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones P. 1981 Experimental Implement Manufacture and Use; A Case Study from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 292: 189–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeley L.H. 1980 Experimental Determination of Stone tool Uses: A Microwear Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Keeley L.H., Toth N. 1981 Microwear Polishes on Early Stone Tools from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Nature 293: 464–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key A.J.M., Lycett S.J. 2011 Technology Based Evolution? A Biometric Test of the Effects of Handsize Versus Tool Form on Efficiency in an Experimental Cutting Task. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 1663–1670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemorini C., Stiner M.C., Gopher A., Shimelmitz R., Barkai R. 2006 Use-Wear Analysis of an Amudian Laminar Assemblage from the Acheuleo-Yabrudian of Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 921–934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner H., Du X., Costopoulos A., Ostoja-Starzewski M. 2007 Lithic Raw Material Physical Properties and Use-Wear Accrual. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 711–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt J. 1979 A Review of Experimental Traceological Research in the USSR. In Lithic Use-Wear Analysis, edited by , Hayden B.. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Machin A.J., Hosfield R.T., Mithen S.J. 2007 Why are Some Handaxes Symmetrical? Testing the Influence of Handaxe Morphology on Butchery Effectiveness. Journal of Archaeological Science 43: 883–893.
   Google Scholar
• Maki J., Trinkaus E. 2011 Opponens pollicis Mechanical Effectiveness in Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans. Palaeoanthropology 2011: 62–71.
   Google Scholar
• Mansur-Frachomme M.E. 1986 Microscopie du matériel lithique: traces d'utilisation, altérations naturelles, accidentelles et technologiques : exemples de Patagonie. CNRS, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Marzke M.W., Marzke R.F. 2000 Evolution of the Human Hand: Approaches to Acquiring, Analysing and Interpreting Evidence. Journal of Anatomy 197: 121–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzke M.W., Wullstein K.L. 1996 Chimpanzee and Human Grips: A New Classification with a Focus on Evolutionary Morphology. International Journal of Primatology 17: 117–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzke M.W., Tocheri M.W., Steinberg B., Femiani J.D., Reece S.D., Linscheid R.L., Orr C.M., Marzke R.F. 2010 Comparative 3D Quantitative Analyses of Trapeziometacarpal Joint Surface Curvatures Among Living Catarrhines and Fossil Hominids. American Journal of Palaeoanthropology 141: 38–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHenry H.M., Coffing K. 2000 Australopithecus to Homo: Transformations in Body and Mind. Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 125–146.
   Google Scholar
• McPherron S.P., Alemseged Z., Marean C.W., Wynn J.G., Reed D., Geraads D., Bobe R., Bearat H.A. 2010 Evidence for Stone-Tool-Assisted Consumption of Animal Tissues Before 3.39 Million Years Ago at Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 466: 857–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellars P. 2004 Neanderthals and the Modern Human Colonization of Europe. Nature 432: 461–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milton K. 2003 The Critical Role Played by Animal Source Foods in Human (Homo) Evolution. Journal of Nutrition 133: 3886–3892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss E.H., Newcomer M. 1982 Reconstructing Stone Tool Use at Pincevent: Microwear and Experiments. Studia Prachistorica Belgica 2: 289–312.
   Google Scholar
• Newcomer M.H., Grace R., Unger-Hamilton R. 1986 Investigating Microwear Polishes with Blind Tests. Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 203–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewoehner W.A. 2001 Behavioral Inferences from the Skhul/Qafzeh Early Modern Human Hand Remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98: 2979–2984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewoehner W.A., Bergstrom A., Eichele D., Zuroff M., Clark J.T. 2003 Manual Dexterity in Neanderthals. Nature 422: 395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odell G.H. 1981 The Mechanics of Use-Breakage of Stone Tools: Some Testable Hypotheses. Journal of Field Archaeology 8: 197–209.
   Google Scholar
• Philibert S. 1995 Analyse fonctionnelle se l'industrie lithique du Mesolithique ancien de la Balma Margineda (Andorre). L'Anthropologie 99: 89–103.
   Google Scholar
• Pouydebat E., Gorce P., Coppens Y., Bels V. 2009 Biomechanical Study of Grasping According to the Volume of the Object: Humans Versus Non-Human Primates. Journal of Biomechanics 42: 266–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasciunas M.M. 2007 Bifacial Cores and Flake Production Efficiency: An Experimental Test of Technological Assumptions. American Antiquity 72: 334–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond B.G., Begun D.R., Strait D.S. 2001 Origin of Human Bipedalism: The Knuckle-Walking Hypothesis Revisited. American Journal of American Anthropology 116: 70–105.
   Google Scholar
• Rolian C., Lieberman D.E., Zermeno J.P. 2011 Hand Biomechanics During Simulated Stone Tool Use. Journal of Human Evolution 61: 26–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano K. 2012 Functional Variability in the Magdalenian of North-Western Europe: A Lithic Microwear Analysis of the Gonnersdorf K-II Assemblage. Quaternary International 272: 264–274.
   Google Scholar
• Semaw S. 2000 The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2.6–1.5 Million Years Ago. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 1197–1214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semaw S., Rogers M.J., Quade J., Renne P.R., Butler R.F., Dominguez-Rodrigo M., Stout D., Hart W.S., Pickering T., Simpson S.W. 2003 2.6-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools and Associated Bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45: 169–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenov S. 1950. O protivostavenii bol'shogo pal'tsa ruki Neanderthal'skogo Cheloveka. Sovetskaya Etnografya 11: 70–82.
   Google Scholar
• Semenov S. 1964 Prehistoric Technology. Cory, Adams and Mackay, London.
   Google Scholar
• Shea J.J. 1992. Lithic Microwear Analysis in Archaeology. Evolutionary Anthropology 1: 143–150.
   Google Scholar
• Shea J.J. 2003 The Middle Palaeolithic of the Eastern Mediterranean Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 17: 313–394.
   Google Scholar
• Shea J.J. 2008 Transitions or Turnovers? Climatically-Forced Extinctions of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals in the East Mediterreanean Levant. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 2253–2270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea J.J. 2011 Stone Tools Analysis and Human Origins Research: Some Advice from Uncle Screwtape. Evolutionary Anthropology 20: 48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipman P. 2010 The Animal Connection and Human Evolution. Current Anthropology 51: 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Stemp W.J., Chung S. 2011 Discrimination of Surface Wear on Obsidian Tools Using LSCM and RelA: Pilot Study Results (Area-Scale Analysis of Obsidian Tool Surfaces). Scanning 33: 1–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stemp W.J., Stemp M. 2003 Documenting Stages of Polish Development on Experimental Stone Tools: Surface Characterization by Fractal Geometry Using UBM Laser Profilometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 287–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp W.J., Childs B.E., Vionnet S., Brown C.A. 2009 Quantification and Discrimination of Lithic Use-Wear: Surface Profile Measurements and Length-Scale Fractal Analysis. Archaeometry 51: 366–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp W.J., Evans A.A., Lerner H.J. 2012 Reaping the Rewards: The Potential of Well Designed Methodology, a Comment on Vardi et al. (Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 1716–1724) and Goodale et al. (Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2010) 1192–1201). Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 1901–1904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemp W.J., Lerner H.J., Kristant E.H. 2013 Quantifying Microwear on Experimental Mistassini Quartzite Scrapers: Preliminary Results of Exploratory Research Using LSCM and Scale-Sensitive Fractal Analysis. Scanning 35: 28–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens N.E., Harro D.R., Hicklin A. 2010 Practical Quantitative Lithic Use-Wear Analysis Using Multiple Classifiers. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2671–2678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus W.L. 1942 Rudimentary Digits in Primates. Quarterly Review of Biology 17: 228–243.
   Google Scholar
• Sussman C. 1985 Microwear on Quartz: Fact or Fiction? World Archaeology 17: 101–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocheri M.W., Orr C.M., Jacofsky M.C., Marzke M.W. 2008 The Evolutionary History of the Hominin Hand Since the Last Common Ancestor of Pan and Homo. Journal of Anatomy 212: 544–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomenchuk J. 1997 A Parametric Use-Wear Study of Artefacts from Areas C and C-East. In The Fisher site: Archaeological, Geological and Paleobotanical Studies at an Early Paleo-Indian Site in Southern Ontario, Canada. , Storck P.L.. University of Michigan Museum, Ann Arbor.
   Google Scholar
• de la Torre I., Benito-Calvo A., Arroyo A., Zupancich A., Proffitt T. 2012 Experimental Protocols for the Study of Battered Stone Anvils from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 313–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth N., Schick K., Savage-Rumbaugh E.S., Sevcik R.A., Rumbaugh D.M. 1993 Pan the Tool-Maker: Investigations into the Stone Tool-Making and Stone Tool-Using Capabilities of a Bonobo (Pan paniscus). Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 81–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tringham R., Cooper G., Odell G.H., Voytek B., Whitman A. 1974 Experimentation in the Formation of Edge-Damage: A New Approach to Lithic Analysis. Journal of Field Archaeology 1: 171–196.
   Google Scholar
• Trinkaus E., Churchill S.E. 1988 Neanderthal Radial Tuberosity Orientation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 75: 15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uomini N.T. 2008 In the Knappers Hands: Identifying Handedness from Lithic Production and Use. In ‘Prehistoric Technology’ 40 Years Later: Functional Studies and the Russian Legacy. , Longo L., Skakun N.. Archaeopress, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan P. 1985 Use Wear Analysis of Flaked Stone Tools. University of Arizona Press, Arizona.
   Google Scholar
• Walker M.J., Ortega J., Lopez M.V., Parmova K., Trinkaus E. 2011 Neanderthal Postcranial Remains from the Sima de las Palomas del Cabezo Gordo, Murcia, South Eastern Spain. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144: 505–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker P.L. 1978 Butchering and Stone Tool Function. American Antiquity 43: 710–715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiten A., Schick K., Toth N. 2009 The Evolution and Cultural Transmission of Percussive Technology: Integrating Evidence from Palaeoanthropology and Primatology. Journal of Human Evolution 57: 420–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams E.M., Gordon A.D., Richmond B.G. 2012 Hand Pressure Distribution During Oldowan Stone Tool Production. Journal of Human Evolution 62: 520–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar