Size Matters: Measuring Debitage Area and Getting it Right with a Digital Scanner

References

• Ahler S.A. 1989a Experimental Knapping with KRF and Midcontinental Cherts: Overview and Applications. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by , Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P., pp. 67–99. BAR International Series 528. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, England.
   Google Scholar
• Ahler S.A. 1989b Mass analysis of flaking debris: studying the forest rather than the trees. In Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis, edited by , Henry D.O., Odell G.H., pp. 85–118. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P. 1997 Effect of Raw Material on Flake Breakage Patterns. Lithic Technology 22(1): 18–32.
   Google Scholar
• Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P., Tomka S.A. 1988 An Evaluation of Debitage Produced by Experimental Bifacial Core Reduction of a Georgetown Chert Nodule. Lithic Technology 17(1): 26–36.
   Google Scholar
• Andrefsky W. 1998 Lithics: Macroscopic Approches to Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Andrefsky W. 2005 Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. In Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, edited by Graeme Barker, pp. xxiv, 301 p. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Andrefsky W. 2007 The Application and Misapplication of Mass Analysis in Lithic Debitage Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(3): 392–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrefsky W. 2009 The Analysis of Stone Tool Procurement, Production, and Maintenance. Journal of Archaeological Research 17(1): 65–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumler M.F. 1979 Analytic Comparability among Flake Measurement Techniques in Lithic Analysis. Paper presented at the 44th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver, BC.
   Google Scholar
• Binford L.R. 1978 Dimensional Analysis of Behavior and Site Structure: Learning from an Eskimo Hunting Stand. American Antiquity 43(3): 330–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braadbaart F., VanBergen P.F. 2005 Digital Imaging Analysis of Size and Shape of Wheat and Pea Upon Heating Under Anoxic Conditions as a Function of the Temperature. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14(1): 67–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury A.P. 1998 The Examination of Lithic Artifacts from an Early Archaic Assemblage: Strengthening Inference through Multiple Lines of Evidence. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 23(2): 262–287.
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury A.P., Carr P.J. 1995 Flake Typologies and Alternative Approaches: An Experimental Assessment. Lithic Technology 20: 100–115.
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury A.P., Carr P.J. 1999 Examining Stage and Continuum Models of Flake Debris Analysis: An Experimental Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 26(1): 105–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury A.P., Carr P.J. 2009 Hits and Misses When Throwing Stones at Mass Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(12): 2788–2796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun D.R., Harris J.W.K. 2003 Technological Developments in the Oldowan of Koobi Fora: Innovative Techniques of Artifact Analysis. In Oldowan: Rather More than Smashing Stones, edited by , Moreno J.M., Torcal R.M., Sainz I.D.L.T., p. 145. Impressió Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Bretzke K., Conard N.J. 2012 Evaluating Morphological Variability in Lithic Assemblages Using 3D Models of Stone Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(12): 3741–3749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs B., Eileen J., Richard E.S., Patrick J.L. 2007 A Morphometric Approach to Assessing Late Paleoindian Projectile Point Variability on the Southern High Plains. Plains Anthropologist; Lincoln 52(203): 279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown C.T. 2001 The Fractal Dimensions of Lithic Reduction. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 619–631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant R.G., Davidson D.A. 1996 The Use of Image Analysis in the Micromorphological Study of Old Cultivated Soils: an Evaluation Based on Soils from the Island of Papa Stour, Shetland. Journal of Archaeological Science 23(6): 811–822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadieux N. 2005 La pyroclastique du site BiFw-20 à Kabeshinàn, Parc du Lac Leamy, Gatineau. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Département d'anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal.
   Google Scholar
• Cadieux N. 2006 L'autocorrélation spatiale, malheur ou bénédiction? Paper presented at the Colloque de l'Association des archéologues du Québec, 2006, Chicoutimi.
   Google Scholar
• Cadieux N. 2011a Enigmatic Pyroclastic. Paper presented at the Waterways through Time, Annual Symposium of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Ottawa.
   Google Scholar
• Cadieux N. 2011b L’énigmatique pyroclastique. Paper presented at the XXX Collogue Annuel de l'Association des archéologues du Québec, Lévis.
   Google Scholar
• Cadieux N. 2011c L’énigmatique pyroclastique! Archéologiques 24: 115–143.
   Google Scholar
• Carr P.J., Bradbury A.P. 2004 Exploring Mass Analysis, Screens and Attributes. In Aggregate Analysis in Chipped Stone, edited by , Hall C.T., Larson M.L., pp. 21–44. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
   Google Scholar
• Chevrier D. 1986 GaFf-001: Un atelier de taille du quartz en Jamésie orientale. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec XVI(2–3): 57–72.
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson C., Hiscock P. 2011 Estimating Original Flake Mass from 3D Scans of Platform Area. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(5): 1062–1068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson C., Vinicius L., Lahr M.M. 2006 Quantifying Flake Scar Patterning on Cores Using 3D Recording Techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(1): 132–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clermont N. 1978 Les crémations de Pointe-du-Buisson. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 8(1): 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Clermont N. 2001 Pointe-du-Buisson 2000. Université de Montréal, Montréal.
   Google Scholar
• Corbeil P. 2001 Techniques de recherche en archéologie, Notes de cours et lecture complémentaires. Faculté des arts et des sciences, Département d'anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal.
   Google Scholar
• Cork C.R., Cooke W.D., Wild J.P. 1996 The Use of Image Analysis to Determine Yarn Twist Level in Archaeological Textiles. Archaeometry 38(2): 337–345.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis M.W. 2001 Estimating the Minimum Number of Skeletal Elements (MNE) In Zooarchaeology: A Review and a New Image-Analysis GIS Approach. American Antiquity 66(2): 333–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibble H.L. 1997 Platform Variability and Flake Morphology: A Comparison of Experimental and Archaeological Data and Implications for Interpreting Prehistoric Lithic Technological Strategies. Lithic technology 22(2): 150–170.
   Google Scholar
• Dibble H.L., Chase P.G. 1981 A New Method for Describing and Analyzing Artifact Shape. American Antiquity 46(1): 178–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibble H.L., McPherron S.P. 1988 On the Computerization of Archaeological Projects. Journal of Field Archaeology 15: 431–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibble H.L., Rezek Z. 2009 Introducing a New Experimental Design for Controlled Studies of Flake Formation: Results for Exterior Platform Angle, Platform Depth, Angle of Blow, Velocity, and Force. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(9): 1945–1954.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibble H.L., Whittaker J.C. 1981 New Experimental Evidence on the Relation between Percussion Flaking and Flake Variation. Journal of Archaeological Science 8(3): 283–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibble H.L., Chase P.G., Shannon P.M., Tuffreau A. 1997 Testing the Reality of a “Living Floor” with Archaeological Data. American Antiquity 62(4): 629–651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibble H.L., Schurmans U.A., Iovita R.P., McLaughlin M.V. 2005 The Measurement and Interpretation of Cortex in Lithic Assemblages. American Antiquity 70(3): 545–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dungworth D., Wilkes R. 2009 Understanding Hammerscale: The Use of High-Speed Film and Electron Microscopy. Historical Metallurgy 43: 33–46.
   Google Scholar
• Fladmark K.R. 1982 Microdebitage Analysis: Initial Considerations. Journal of Archaeological Science 9: 205–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnaden D., Simon H. 2000 Understanding Observer Variation When Recording Stone Artifacts. American Antiquity 65(4): 739–747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González U., Emilio J. 2003 The Quantification of Use-Wear Polish Using Image Analysis. First Results. Journal of Archaeological Science 30(4): 481–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrum M.R. 2002 The Meaning of Ceraunia: Archaeology, Natural History and the Interpretation of Prehistoric Stone Artefacts in the Eighteenth Century. The British Journal for the History of Science 35(3): 255–269.
   Google Scholar
• Grosman L., Smikt O., Smilansky U. 2008 On the Application of 3-D Scanning Technology for the Documentation and Typology of Lithic Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(12): 3101–3110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden B., Hutchings K.W. 1989 Whither the Billet Flake? In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by , Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P., pp. 235–257. BAR International Series 528. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, England.
   Google Scholar
• Healan D.M. 1995 Identifying Lithic Reduction Loci with Size-Graded Macrodebitage: A Multivariate Approach. American Antiquity 60(4): 689–699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry D.O. 1989 Correlation between Reduction Strategies and Settlement Patterns. In Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis, edited by , Henry D.O., Odell G.H., pp. 139–155. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Hester T.R., Shafer H.J. 1992 Lithic Workshops Revisited: Comments on Moholy-Nagy. Latin American Antiquity 3(3): 243–248.
   Google Scholar
• Hull K.L. 1987 Identification of Cultural Site Formation Processes through Microdebitage Analysis. American Antiquity 52(4): 772–783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingbar E.E., Larson M.L, Bradley B.A. 1989 A Nontypological Approach to Debitage Analysis. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by , Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P., pp. 67–99. BAR International Series 528. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, England.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson L.L. 1978 A History of Flint-Knapping Experimentation, 1838–1976. Current Anthropology 19(2): 337–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooyman B.P. 2000 Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological sites. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn S.L. 1994 A Formal Approach to the Design and Assembly of Mobile Toolkits. American Antiquity 59(3): 426–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvamme K.L. 1988 A Simple Graphic Approach and Poor Man's Clustering Technique for Investigating Surface Lithic Scatter Types. Plains Anthropologist 33(121): 385–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvamme K.L. 1996 Investigating Chipping Debris Scatters: GIS as an Analytical Engine. In New Methods, Old Problems: Geographic Information Systems in Modern Archaeological Research, edited by , Maschner H.D.G., pp. 38–71. Southern Illinois University, Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Kvamme K.L. 1997 Patterns and Models of Debitage Dispersal in Percussion Knapping. Lithic Technology 22(2): 122–138.
   Google Scholar
• Kvamme K.L. 1998 Spatial Structure in Mass Debitage Scatters. In Surface Archaeology, edited by , Sullivan A.P., pp. 127–141. University of New Mexico Press, New Mexico.
   Google Scholar
• Laliberté M. 1995 Inventaire archéologique du parc du Lac-Leamy, 1995. Société d'histoire de l'Outaouais, Commission de la capitale nationale, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec, Musée canadien des civilisations.
   Google Scholar
• Laliberté M. 1999 Un campement de l'Archaïque laurentien dans le parc du Lac-Leamy, bilan des fouilles de 1998 sur le site BiFw-20. Société d'histoire de l'Outaouais.
   Google Scholar
• Laliberté M. 2011 Une technologie lithique particulière dans la vallée centrale de l'Outaouais au Sylvicole moyen. Archéologiques 24: 89–102.
   Google Scholar
• Laliberté M., Levesque F. 2000 Les recherches de 1999 sur le site BiFw-20, parc du Lac-Leamy. Écomusée de Hull.
   Google Scholar
• Larson M.L. 2004 Chipped Stone Aggregate Analysis in Archaeology. In Aggregate Analysis in Chipped Stone, edited by , Hall C.T., Larson M.L., pp. 3–17. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner H. 2007 Digital Image Analysis and Use-Wear Accrual as a Function of Raw Material, an Example from Northwestern New Mexico. Lithic technology 32(1): 51–67.
   Google Scholar
• Lin S.C.H., Douglass M.J., Holdaway S.J., Floyd B. 2010 The Application of 3D Laser Scanning Technology to the Assessment of Ordinal and Mechanical Cortex Quantification in Lithic Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(4): 694–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lischka L. 1969 A Possible Noncultural Bias in Lithic Debris. American Antiquity 34(4): 483–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingood P. 2009 Point/Counter Point: The Accuracy and Feasibility of Digital Image Techniques in the Analysis of Ceramic Thin Sections. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(3): 867–872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mafart B., Gaspard G., Marie-Antoinette de L., Gard S. 2004 Three-Dimensional Computer Imaging of Hominid Fossils: A New Step in Human Evolution Studies. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal; Journal L'Association canadienne des radiologistes; Montreal 55(4): 264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magne M.P.R. 1989 Lithic Reduction Stages and Assemblage Formation Process. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by , Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P., pp. 15–31. BAR International Series 528, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Magne M.P.R., Pokotylo D.L. 1981 A Pilot Study in Bifacial Lithic Reduction Sequences. Lithic Technology 10: 34–47.
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney P. 2006 Dental Microwear from Natufian Hunter-Gatherers and Early Neolithic Farmers : Comparisons within and between Samples. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 130(3): 308–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauldin R.P., Amick D.S. 1989 Investigating Patterning in Debitage from Experimental Bifacial Core Reduction. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by , Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P., pp. 67–88. BAR International Series 528, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• McPherron S.P., Dibble H.L. 1999 Stone Tool Analysis Using Digitized Images: Examples from the Lower and Middle Paleolithic. Lithic Technology 24(1): 38–52.
   Google Scholar
• Nadel D. 2001 Indoor/Outdoor Flint Knapping and Minute Debitage Remains: The Evidence from the Ohalo II Submerged Camp (19.5 ky, Jordan Valley). Lithic Technology 26(2): 118–137.
   Google Scholar
• Newcomer M.H. 1971 Some Quantitative Experiments in Handaxe Manufacture. World Archaeology 3(1): 85–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman J.R. 1994 The Effects of Distance on Lithic Material Reduction Technology. Journal of Field Archaeology 21(4): 491–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odell G.H. 1989 Experiments in Lithic Reduction. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, Vol. 528, edited by , Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P., pp. 163–198. BAR International Series, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ostéothèque de Montréal I. 2000 Analyse des restes osseux du site BiFw-20, Parc du Lac-Leamy, Hull. Département d'anthropologie de University de Montréal, rapport inédit.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson L.W. 1981 The Importance of Flake Size Distribution. Contract Abstracts and CRM Archeology. 3(1): 70–72.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson L.W. 1990 Characteristics of Bifacial-reduction Flake-size Distribution. American Antiquity 55(3): 550–558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelcin A.W. 1996 Controlled Experiments in the Production of Flake Attributes. Ph.D., Dissertations available from ProQuest, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Pelcin A.W. 1997a The Effect of Core Surface Morphology on Flake Attributes: Evidence from a Controlled Experiment. Journal of Archaeological Science 24(8): 749–756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelcin A.W. 1997b The Effect of Indentor Type on Flake Attributes: Evidence from a Controlled Experiment. Journal of Archaeological Science 24(7): 613–621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia M.D., Potts R. 1994 Water Flow and the Formation of Early Pleistocene Artifact Sites in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of anthropological archaeology 13: 228–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plourde M. 1986 La station 5 de la Pointe-du-Buisson : étude de l'occupation préhistorique. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Département d'anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal.
   Google Scholar
• Prasciunas M.M. 2007 Bifacial Cores and Flake Production Efficiency: An Experimental Test of Technological Assumptions. American Antiquity 72(2): 334–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renfrew C. 1977 Alternative Models for Exchange and Spatial Distribution. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by , Earle T.K., Ericson J.E., pp. 71–90. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Rovner I., Gyulai F. 2007 Computer-Assisted Morphometry: A New Method for Assessing and Distinguishing Morphological Variation in Wild and Domestic Seed Populations. Economic Botany 61(2): 154–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saragusti I., Sharon I., Katzenelson O., Avnir D. 1998 Quantitative Analysis of the Symmetry of Artefacts: Lower Paleolithic Handaxes. Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 817–825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling A.F., Kummer T., Marshall R.P., Bauerochse A., Jopp E., Pueschel K., Amling M. 2008 Brief Communication: Two and Three-Dimensional Analysis of Bone Mass and Microstructure in a Bog Body from the Iron Age. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135(4): 479–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott S.A. 1991 Problems With the Use of Flake Size in Inferring Stages of Lithic Reduction. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 13(2): 172–179.
   Google Scholar
• Shott M.J. 1994 Size and Form in the Analysis of Flake Debris: Review and Recent Approaches. Journal of archaeological Method and Theory 1: 69–110.
   Google Scholar
• Shott M.J. 1996 Stage Versus Continuum in the Debris Assemblage from the Production of a Fluted Biface. Lithic technology 21: 6–22.
   Google Scholar
• Shott M.J., Weedman K.J. 2007 Measuring Reduction in Stone Tools: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Gamo Hidescrapers from Ethiopia. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(7): 1016–1035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shott M.J., Bradbury A.P., Carr P.J., Odell G.H. 2000 Flake Size from Platform Attributes: Predictive and Empirical Approaches. Journal of archaeological science 27(10): 877–894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speth J.D. 1972 Mechanical Basis of Percussion Flaking. American Antiquity 37(1): 34–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speth J.D. 1975 Miscellaneous Studies in Hard-Hammer Percussion Flaking: The Effects of Oblique Impact. American Antiquity 40(2): 203–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahle D.W., Dunn J.E. 1982 An Analysis and Application of the Size Distribution of Waste Flakes from the Manufacture of Bifacial Stone Tool. World Archaeology 14: 98–119.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson M.G. 1991 Beyond the Formation of Hearth-Associated Artifact Assemblages. In The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning, edited by , Kroll E.M., Price D.T., pp. 269–299. Plenum Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan A.P. 1987 Probing the Sources of Lithic Assemblage Variability: A Regional Case Study Near the Homolovi Ruins, Arizona. North American Archaeologist 8(1): 41–71.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan A.P. 1992 Investigating the Archaeological Consequences of Short-Duration Occupations. American Antiquity 57(1): 99–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomka S.A. 1989 Differentiating Lithic Reduction Techniques: An Experimental Approach. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by , Amick D.S., Mauldin R.P., pp. 137–161. Bar International Series 528, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt J. 2003 Interprétation de la stratigraphie et des paléoenvironnements de sites archéologiques du Parc du Lac-Leamy (Québec), de l'Archaïque (4000 ans AA) à la période de contact. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Département des sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal.
   Google Scholar
• Yerkes R.W., Kardulias P.N. 1993 Recent Developments in the Analysis of Lithic Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Research 1(2): 89–119.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshiko A., Curtis W.M., Peter J.N., Zelalem A., Elizabeth C.S. 2002 The Analysis of Cutmarks on Archaeofauna: A Review and Critique of Quantification Procedures, and a New Image-Analysis GIS Approach. American Antiquity 67(4): 643–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar