Scientific Exploration of the Moon

NOTES AND LITERATURE CITED

• An excellent summary of mankind’s fascination with the Moon through history is given by S. A. Bedini, Man and the Moon, in Moon: Man’s Greatest Adventure, edited by D. Thomas, pp. 15–87. Harry N. Abrams, New York (1970).
   Google Scholar
• For a treatment of telescopic observations of the Moon see: Z. Kopal, The Moon, Academic Press, New York (1964); R. B. Baldwin, The Measure of the Moon, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1963); or P. Moore, New Guide to the Moon, W. W. Norton, New York (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Z. Kopal, The Moon in the Post-Apollo Bra, D. Reidel, Dordrecht -Holland (1974).
   Google Scholar
• For a summary of the US program for lunar exploration see: E. M. Cortright (editor), Apollo Expeditions to the Moon, NASA SP-350, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1975); R. S. Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo, Quadrangle, New York (1974); and J. N. Wilford, We Reach the Moon: The New York Times Story of Man’s Greatest Adventure, Bantam, New York (1969).
   Google Scholar
• For a summary of the USSR space program including the lunar expeditions see: Soviet Space Programs. 1966–1970, Congressional Research Service, Science Policy Research Oivision, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1971); and D. R. Woods, A review of the Soviet lunar exploration programme. Spaceflight, 18, 273–290 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• W. Ley, Ranger to the Moon, Signet, New York (1965); J. H. Wilson, The View from Ranger, NASA EP-38, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1966); J. F. McCauley, Moon Probes, Little, Brown and Co., Boston (1969); and R. Cargill Hall, Lunar Impact, NASA SP-4210, US Government printing Office, Washington, DC, USA (1977).
   Google Scholar
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Surveyor Program Results, NASA SP-184, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1969).
   Google Scholar
• Several books have included selections from Lunar Orbiter photographs. Among these are: P. D. Lowman Jr, Lunar Panorama, Wettflugbild, R. A. Müller, Zurich ; L. J. Kosofsky and F. El-Baz, The Moon as Viewed by Lunar Orbiter, NASA SP-200, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1970); and P. H. Schuitz, Moon MorphologyiInterpretations Based on Lunar Orbiter Photographs, University of Texas Press, Austin and London (1976).
   Google Scholar
• P. M. Muller and W. L. Sjogren, Mascons: lunar mass concentrations. Science, 161, 680–684 (1968).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summaries of lunar scientific results have been published previously, for example: F. El-Baz, The Moon after Apollo. Icarus 25, 495–537, Academic Press, New York (1975); S. R. Taylor, Lunar Science : A Post-Apollo View, Pergamon, New York (1975); and B. M. French, The Moon Book, Penguin, London (1977).
   Google Scholar
• For detailed discussions of lunar surface features and their origin see: G. Fielder (editor). Geology and Physics of the Moon : A Study of Some Fundamental Problems, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1971); N. M. Short, Planetary Geology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1975); and E. A. King, Space Geology, Wiley and Sons, New York (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Since 1970, an annual conference has been held on lunar science, where the findings are reported by individual investigators and research groups from around the world. The proceedings of these conferences are published annually as supplements to the scientific journal Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. Starting from 1978, these conferences will be labeled ‘lunar and planetary’ to include more on the results of planetary exploration and to encourage the new science of ‘comparative planetology.’
   Google Scholar
• A. Rükl, Maps of the Lunar Hemispheres, D. Reidel, Dordrecht -Holland (1972).
   Google Scholar
• Z. Kopal and R. W. Carder, Mapping of the Moon, D. Reidel, Dordrecht -Holland (1974).
   Google Scholar
• E. Whitaker, A short history of lunar nomenclature, in Atlas and Gazetteer of the Near Side of the Moon, NASA SP-241, pp. 3–4. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1971).
   Google Scholar
• The best map of the Moon in existence today is that published in 1976 by the National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA, ft is entitled ‘The Earth’s Moon’ and covers the near and far sides on an equal area projection, which allows one easily to make size and distance measurements throughout. The nomenclature on this map is that approved by the IAU. It is a low cost, handsome map that is highly recommended.
   Google Scholar
• H. A. Pohn and R. L. Wildey, A Photoelectric Photographic Study of the Normal Albedo of the Moon, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 599-E (1970).
   Google Scholar
• See J. 8. Adams, Lunar and martian surfaces: Petrologic significance of absorption bands in the near-infrared. Science, 159, 1453–1455 (1968); and E. A. Whitaker, Lunar color boundaries and their relationship to topographic features: A preliminary survey. Moon, 4, 345–355 (1972).
   Google Scholar
• T. W. Thompson, H. J. Moore, G. G. Schaber, R. W. Shorthill, E. A. Whitaker and S. H. Zisk, Final Report: Apollo Experiment S-217 IR/Radar Study of Apollo Data, Tech. Mem. 33–787, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California (1976).
   Google Scholar
• R. W. Shorthill and J. M. Saari, Recent discoveries of hot spots on the lunar surface, in The Nature of the Lunar Surface: Proceedings of the 1965 IAU-NASA Symposium, edited by W. N. Hess, D. H. Menzel and J. A. O’Keefe, pp. 215–228. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (1966); and J. M. Saari and R. W. Shorthill, Infrared and visual images of the eclipsed moon of December 19, 1964. Icarus, 5, 635–659 (1966).
   Google Scholar
• See Catalog of Lunar Mission Data, published by NASA’s National Space Science Data Center, Greenbelt, Maryland (1977).
   Google Scholar
• R. N. Watts, Lunokhod 2 on the Moon, Sky and Telescope, 45, 148–149 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• A. P. Vinogradov, Preliminary data on lunar ground brought to Earth by automatic probe Luna 16. Proceedings 2nd Lunar Science Conference, 1, 1–16 (1971).
   Google Scholar
• J. F. McCauley and D. H. Scott, The geological setting of the Luna 16 landing site. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 220–232 (1972).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. P. Vinogradov, Preliminary data on lunar soil collected by the Luna 20 unmanned spacecraft. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 721–729 (1973); and J. C. Laul and R. A. Schmitt, Chemical composition of Luna 20 rocks and soil and Apollo 16 soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 927–942 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• V. L. Barsukov, Preliminary data for the regolith core brought to Earth by the automatic lunar station Luna 24. Proceedings 8th Lunar Science Conference, 3, 3303–3318 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• T. A. Maxwell and F. El-Baz, Sources of highland material in Mare Crisium regolith. Abstracts for Conference on Luna 24, pp. 110–113. Lunar Science Institute, Houston, Texas (1977).
   Google Scholar
• R. C. Seamans Jr and F. I. Ordway, The Apollo tradition: An object lesson for the management of large-scale technological endeavors. Interdiscip, Sci. Rev. 2, 270–304 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• The volcanic origin of the highlands near Descartes was supported by many authors, among them: D. J. Milton, Geologic Map of the Theophilus Quadrangle of the Moon, US Geological Survey Map I-748 (1968); D. E. Wilhelms and J. F. McCauley, Geologic Map of the Near Side of the Moon, US Geological Survey Map I-703; and F. El-Baz and S. A. Roosa, Significant Results from Apollo 14 Lunar Orbital Photography. Proceedings 3rd Lunar Science Conference, 1, 63–83 (1972).
   Google Scholar
• H. S. F. Cooper Jr, Moon Rocks, The Dial Press, New York (1970); B. Mason and W. G. Melson, The Lunar Rocks, Wiley and Sons, New York (1970); and J. W. Frondel, Lunar Mineralogy, Wiley and Sons, New York (1975).
   Google Scholar
• I. Adler, J. I. Trombka, R. Schmadebeck, P. Lowman, H. Blodgett, L. Yin and E. Eller, Results of the Apollo 15 and 16 X-ray experiment. Proceedings 4th Lunar Science Conference, 3, 2783–2791 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• D. E. Wilhelms, Summary of Lunar Stratigraphy: Telescopic Observations, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 599-F (1970); T. A. Mutch, Geology of the Moon: A Stratigraphie View, Princeton University Press, New Jersey (1970); F. 61-Baz, Surface geology of the Moon. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 135–165 (1974); and J. F. Lindsay, Lunar Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1976).
   Google Scholar
• F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, The lunar time scale and a summary of isotopic evidence for a terrestrial lunar cataclysm, in Lunar Science IV, pp. 792–794. Lunar Science Institute, Houston, Texas (1974).
   Google Scholar
• W. R. Wollenhaupt and W. L. Sjogren, Comments on the figure of the Moon based on preliminary results from laser altimetry. Moon, 4, 337–347 (1972).
   Google Scholar
• R. J. Phillips, G. F. Adams, W. E. Brown, R. E. Eggleton, P. Jackson, R. Jordon, W. J. Peeples, L. J. Porcello, J. Ryu, G. Schaber, W. R. Sill, T. W. Thompson, S. H. Ward and J. S. Selenka, The Apollo 17 lunar sounder. Proceedings 4th Lunar Science Conference, 3, 2821–2831 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• For detailed information on lunar seismicity and implications for the interior structure see: G. Latham, M, Ewing, J. Dorman, D, Lammlein, F. Press, N. Toksöz, G, Sutton, F. Duennebier and Y. Nakamura, Moonquakes and lunar tectonism. Moon 4, 373–382 (1972).
   Google Scholar
• M. N. Toksöz, A. M. Dainty, S. C. Solomon and K. R. Anderson, Structure of the Moon. Rev Geophys. Space Phys. 12, 539–567 (1974).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• For a review of the theories of lunar origin and their constraints see: J. A. Wood, Origin of the Earth’s Moon, in Planetary Satellites, edited by J. A. Burns, International Astronomical Union, Colloquium No, 28, pp. 513–527. University of Arizona Press, Tucson (1977).
   Google Scholar
• For a discussion of the proposed Lunar Polar Orbiter mission see: T. W. Minear, N, Hubbard, T. V. Johnson and V. C. Clarke, Mission Summary for Lunar Polar Orbiter, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Document 660–41, Pasadena, California (1976 ); and F. El-Baz, NASA-Lunar Polar Orbiter, Witness Testimony before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 95th Congress, First Session, Department of Housing and Urban Development—Independent Agencies Appropriations for 1978, Part 7, pp. 289–291 (1977).
   Google Scholar