Dr Thomas Beddoes The Interaction of Pneumatic and Preventive Medicine with Chemistry

LITERATURE CITED

• E. F. Hennock, Urban sanitary reform a generation before Chadwick, Econ. Hist, Rev, 10, 113–120 (1957 ); B. Hamilton, The medical profession in the XVIIIth century, Econ Hist Rev. 2nd ser, 4, 148 ff. (1951).
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• T. Beddoes to J. Black, Oxford (23 February 1788), Black MSS, Edinburgh University Library (EUL).
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• Beddoes to Black (6 November 1787), Black to Beddoes (24 November 1787), EUL.
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• T. H. Levere, Dr Thomas Beddoes at Oxford: radical politics in 1788–1793, and the fate of the Regius Chair in Chemistry. Ambix 28, (1981).
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• J. Black, Dissertatio Medica Inauguralis, de Humore acido a cibis orto, et Magnesia alba, Edinburgh (1754). Black was Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh 1766–1799.
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• J. E. Stock, Memoirs of the Life of Thomas Beddoes, MD.…, London and Bristol (1811).
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• Beddoes to Black (6 November 1787), EUL.
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• Beddoes to Black (21 April 1789), EUL. Beddoes was probably referring to J. Priestley, Objections to the Experiments and Observations relating to the Principle of Acidity, The Composition of Water, and Phlogiston, considered.... Phil, Trans. 79, 7–20 (1789).
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• Beddoes to Black (15 April 1791), EUL.
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• Ibid.
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• Public Record Office MSS HO 42.21, 42.208, See Note 4 above.
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• Chemical Experiments and Opinions extracted from a Work Published in the Last Century, p. 61, Oxford (1790), Beddoes reprinted this passage in his AiLetter to Erasmus Darwin, M.D. on a New Method of Treating Pulmonary Consumption, and Some Other Diseases hitherto found Incurable, p. 29 n. Bristol [1793].
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• The Chemical Essays of Charles-William Scheele. Translated from the Transactions of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. With additions [by T. Beddoes], London (1786).
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• A Letter to Erasmus Darwin …, pp. 28–29 [1793]; E. Goodwyn, The Connexion of Life with RespirationiOr, an Experimental Inquiry into the Effects of Submersion, Strangulation, and the Several Kinds of Noxious Airs on Living Animais..., London (1788).
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• Beddoes, Jeffers from Dr Withering, Doctor Ewart, Dr Thornton, p. 9. Bristol (1794).
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• Beddoes, Hygëia: or Essays moral and medical on the causes affecting the personal state of our middling and affluent classes, Vol. 2, p. 5. 3 vols, Bristol (1802–03).
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• A Letter to Erasmus Darwin..., p. 30 [1793].
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• Ibid. p. 40.
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• C. A. Weber, Bristols Bedeutung für die englische Romantik und die deutsch-englischen Beziehungen, Halle (Saale) (1935).
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• Bristol Infirmary Biographical Records, MS BRO; G, M, Smith, A History of the Bristol Royal Infirmary, Arrow- smith, Bristol (1917).
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• V. Waite, The Bristol Hotwell, pp. 11–12, 17. Bristol (1970; reprinted 1977).
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• J. Priestley, Experiments and Observations relating to various branches of natural philosophy, with a continuation of the observations on air. Appendix IV. London (1779).
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• J. Nott, Of the Hotwell Waters, near Bristol, Bristol (1793). The Hotwell declined in popularity during the 1790s: Waite, pp. 12–13.
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• Beddoes to Davies Giddy (15 June 1793), Cornwall Record Office, Davies-Giddy papers, MS DG 41/28, Giddy later changed his name to Gilbert, and as Davies Gilbert succeeded his former protégé, Humphry Davy, as President of the Royal Society of London. See A. C. Todd, Beyond the Blaze:iAiBiography of Davies Gilbert, D. Bradford Barton, Truro (1967).
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• Beddoes, Observations on the nature and cure of calculus, sea scurvy, consumption, catarrh, and fever: together with conjectures upon several other subjects of physiology and pathology, pp. 44–45, 87. London (1793).
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• John Brown, Elementa medicinae, Edinburgh (1789); The Elements of Medicine, trans. by the author, new ed., with biographical preface and introduction by T. Beddoes, 2 vols, London (1795); J. Neubauer, Dr John Brown (1735– 88) and early German Romanticism. J, Hist. Ideas 28, 367–382 (1967).
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• Beddoes, Letters from Dr Withering.… [1794] (Note 15 above), p. 5.
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• Beddoes, introduction to Brown, Elements (Note 26 above); H. Davy to H. Penneck (26 January 1795), American Philosophical Society BD 315.1/1969 1821 MS.
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• Ibid. pp. 1–3; Beddoes, A proposal towards the improvement of Medicine, Bristol (29 July 1794).
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• T. H. Levere, Dr Thomas Beddoes and the establishment of his Pneumatic Institution: a tale of three presidents. Notes Rec. R. Soc. London 32, 41–49 (1977).
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• Beddoes to Thomas Wedgwood, with MS advertisement [1794], Wedgwood MSS in Keele University Library (W/M).
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• Ibid.
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• Banks to Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire (2 December and 30 November 1794), British Museum (Natural History), Dawson–Turner Collection MSS 9, ff. 128–129, 125.
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• Beddoes to T. Wedgwood (17 March 1795) (W/M).
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• Beddoes to T. Wedgwood (21 May 1795, 9 June 1795) (W/M).
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• Beddoes to T. Wedgwood (17 June 1795) (W/M).
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• MS advertisement [1794] (W/M); see Note 31 above.
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• Beddoes to T. Wedgwood (27 March 1795) (W/M).
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• T. Beddoes and J. Watt, Considerations on the medicinal use, and on the production of factitious airs, 5 parts. Bristol (1794, 1794, 1795, 1795, 1796).
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• Beddoes to Giddy (29 June 1796), MS DG 42/20. The simplified apparatus is described by Watt in Considerations, part 5 (1796).
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• Beddoes to Giddy (31 July 1796), MS DG 42/33.
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• Beddoes to Giddy (23 August 1796), MS DG 42/7.
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• Beddoes to Giddy (30 September 1797), MS DG 42/27.
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• Advertisement in Bristol Gazette (21 March 1799). An over-enthusiastic account of the significance of the Institution is A. H. Miller, The Pneumatic Institution of Thomas Beddoes at Clifton, 1798. Ann. Med. Hist. 3, 253–260 (1931).
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• Robison to Watt (14 January 1798), In E. Robinson and D. McKie (eds). Partners in Science: Letters of James Watt and Joseph Black, pp. 285–286. Cambridge, Massachusetts (1970 ); Beddoes to Boyd (2 January 1798), Birmingham Public Libraries, M IV B. Beddoes was delighted with Davy, writing to J. Watt Jr in September 1798 (Birmingham Public Libraries, M IV B): ‘I do not recollect to have conversed with a person of so great talents for experimental investigation.’
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• Bristol Archives Office, MSS 32688/1–54.
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• Davy to Penneck (26 January 1799). American Philosophical Society BD 315.1/1969 1821 MS; Beddoes to Boulton (17 January 1799), Birmingham Public Libraries Box B2 18. Boulton also acted as Beddoes’ agent for German medica! and chemical books.
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• See Note 26 above.
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• S. L. Mitchill, Remarks on the Gaseous Oxyd of Azote and on the Effects it Produces, New York (1795).
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• Beddoes published Mitchill’s views in Appendix I to Considerations (1795): Note 39 above.
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• Ibid. and Monthly Review 20(2), 490–493 (1796).
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• J. Priestley, Experiments... on... Air, Vol. 1, pp. 75, 227–228.
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• Experiments and Observations relating to various branches of natural philosophy, with a continuation of the observations on air, Vol. 3, p. 321, Birmingham (1786).
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• H. Davy, Researches, chemical and philosophical, chiefly concerning nitrous oxide, or dephlogisticated nitrous air, and its respiration. In J. Davy (ed.), The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart...., Vol. 3, pp. 269–270: 9 vols. London (1839 ); Nicholson’s Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts 3, 93 (1799).
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• Works, Vol. 3, pp. 186 ff., 270. For the additional Import of these experiments see F. F. Cartwright, The English Pioneers of Anaesthesia (Beddoes, Davy, and Hickman), Bristol (1952).
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• Works, Vol. 3, pp. 325–326.
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• Works, Vol. 3, pp. 327, 329–330; Beddoes to J. Watt Jr (27 June 1799), Beddoes to Boulton (18 June 1799, ? summer 1799), Birmingham Public Libraries, Boulton and Watt papers, M IV B, and Box B2, 19 and 24.
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• Beddoes to [T.] Wedgwood [November 1801 ] (W/M).
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• Hygëia, Vol. 3, p. 86.
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• C. C. Hannaway, The Société Royale de Médecine and epidemics in the Ancien Régime. Bull. Hist. Med, 46, 257–273 (1972 ); J. P. Frank, The civil administrator, most successful physician. Trans. J. C. Sabine, Bull. Hist. Med, 16, 289–318(1944).
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• Advertisement in Bristol Gazette (21 March 1799).
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• Hygëia, Vol. 2, p. 96.
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• Beddoes, Rules of the Institution for the sick and drooping poor (1803).
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• Bristol Record Office, Bristol Infirmary Biographical Records 9, 72; Beddoes to? (27 November 1804), Birmingham Public Libraries, Boulton and Watt papers, M IV B.
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• Beddoes to J. Wedgwood (19 June 1807 ) (W/M).
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• For background see R. Quinault and R. J. Stevenson (eds), Popular Protest and Public Order, London (1974 ), including Stevensor Food riots In England, 1792–1818, pp. 33–74.
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