Modern Anthropological Trends and Their Folkloristic Relationships

REFERENCES

• See A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, The Andaman Islanders (Cambridge, 1933 rpt; 1922); Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (New York, 1922).
   Google Scholar
• See Robert Redfield's remarks in 'The Social Organization of Tradition', in Peasant Society: A Reader, edited by Jack M. Potter, May N. Diaz, and George M. Foster (Boston, 1967), p. 25.
   Google Scholar
• An early formation of this idea is in A. L. Kroeber, Anthropology (New York, 1948), p. 284.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.; Redfield, pp. 25–41.
   Google Scholar
• See Raymond Firth, Malay Fishermen: Their Peasant Economy (London, 1946); idem, 'The Peasantry of South East Asia', International Affairs, 26 (1950), 503–12.
   Google Scholar
• Eric Wolf, Peasants (Englewood Cliffs, 1966), p. 10.
   Google Scholar
• George M. Foster, ‘Introduction: What is a Peasant?’ in Peasant Society: A Reader, edited by Jack M. Potter, May N. Diaz, and George M. Foster (Boston, 1967), p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• For recent discussions of these arguments see John Duncan Powell, ‘On Defining Peasants and Peasant Society’, Peasant Studies Newsletter, I (1972), 94–99; Mick Moore, ‘On Not Defining Peasants’, Peasant Studies Newsletter I (1972), 156–58; Teodor Shanin, ‘Yankee Intuition’, Peasant Studies Newsletter, I (1972), 158–60;John Duncan Powell, ‘Reply’,Peasant Studies Newsletter, I (1972), 161–62; Willem van Schendel, ‘Peasants as Cultivators? Problems of Definition’, Peasant Studies, 5 (1976), 16–17.
   Google Scholar
• Robert Redfield, The Little Community and Peasant Society and Culture (Chicago, 1967), p. 43.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 42.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• See Robert Redfield, The Folk Society', American Journal of Sociology, 52 (1947), 293–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alan Dundes, 'What is Folklore?' in The Study ofFolklore, edited by Alan Dundes (Englewood Cliffs, 1965), p. 2; Michael Owen Jones, The Hand Made Object and its Maker (Berkeley, 1975), p. 20.
   Google Scholar
• See Richard M. Dorson, 'Is There a Folk in the City?' in The Urban Experience and Folk Tradition, edited by Américo Paredes and Ellen Stekert (Austin, 1971), pp. 21–52; Bruce E. Nickerson, 'Is There a Folk in the Factory?' Journal of American Folklore, 87 (1974), 133–39; J. Barre Toelken, 'The Folklore of Academe', in Jan Harold Brunvand, The Study of American Folklore (New York, 1969), pp. 317–37.
   Google Scholar
• Kenneth L. Ames, Beyond Necessity: Art in the Folk Tradition (New York, 1977), pp. 13–14.
   Google Scholar
• G. Harry Stopp, Jr., 'Cultural Brokers and Social Change in an American Peasant Community', Peasant Studies, 5 (1976), 18–22.
   Google Scholar
• See Don Yoder, 'The Folklife Studies Movement', Pennsylvania Folklifè, 13 (1963), 43–56; Sigurd Erixon, 'Folk-Life Research in Our Time', Gwerin, 6 (1962), 275–91.
   Google Scholar
• Redfield, Peasant Society, p. 63.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 64.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 63.
   Google Scholar
• See George M. Foster, 'Treasure Tales, and the Image of the Static Economy in a Mexican Peasant Community', Journal of American Folklore, 77 (1964), 39–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 40.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 41.
   Google Scholar
• George M. Foster, 'Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good', American Anthropologist, 67 (1965), 29.33 1 5.
   Google Scholar
• Alan Dundes, 'Folk Ideas as Units of Worldview', Journal of American Folklore, 84 (1971), 93–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick Mullen, 'The Folk Idea of Unlimited Good in American Buried Treasure Legends', Journal of the Folklore Institute, 15 (1978), 209–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean MacLaughlin, 'Treasure, Envy, and Witchcraft', in Folktales Told Around the World, edited by Richard M. Dorson (Chicago, 1975), pp. 517–27.
   Google Scholar
• Richard M. Dorson, 'Folklore in America vs. American Folklore', Journal of the Folklore Institute, 15 (1978), 106.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Frans J. Schryer, 'A Reinterpretation of Treasure Tales and the Image of Limited Good', Current Anthropology, 17 (1976), 708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John G. Kennedy, 'Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good: A Critique', American Anthropologist, 68 (1966), 1212–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid. See also Steven Piker, 'The Image of Limited Good: Comments on an Exercise in Description and Interpretation', American Anthropologist, 68 (1966), 1202–11; Simon J. Bronner and Stephen Stern, 'American Folklore vs. Folklore in America: A Fixed Fight', Journal of the Folklore Institute, 17 (1980), 76–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, pp. 1212-25.
   Google Scholar
• Oscar Lewis, The Children of Sanchez (New York, 1961), p. xxvi.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. XXVII.
   Google Scholar
• See Roger D. Abrahams, Deep Down in the Jungle (Chicago, 1970 revised edition); Alan Dundes, 'Thinking Ahead: A Folkloristic Reflection of the Future Orientation in American Worldview', Anthropological Quarterly, 42 (1969), 53–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor Turner, The Forest of Symbols (Ithaca, 1967), p. 21.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 45.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Turner acknowledges this assumption in his 'Symbolic Studies', Annual Review ofAnthropology, 4(1975), 159.
   Google Scholar
• Clifford Geertz, 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight', in Myth, Symbol, and Culture, edited by Clifford Geertz (New York, 1971), pp. 1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 27.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 29.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas A. Burns and J. Stephen Smith, 'The Symbolism of Becoming in the Sunday Service of an Urban Black Holiness Church', Anthropological Quarterly, 51 (1978), 185–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 203.
   Google Scholar
• Mary Douglas, 'Deciphering a Meal', in Myth, Symbol, and Culture, edited by Clifford Geertz (New York, 1971), pp. 61–82.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 13). 79.
   Google Scholar
• She told me this at the Foodways section of the American Folklore Society meeting at Salt Lake City, November 1978.
   Google Scholar
• For example see Chava Weissler, 'The Symbolic Meaning of Hametz (Leavened Foods) in Jewish Tradition', American Folklore Society meeting, Philadelphia, November 1976. Although not on food, it is noteworthy that a panel on 'Symbolic Activities' was presented at the American Folklore Society meeting at Salt Lake City, November 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Claude Levi-Strauss, 'The Structural Study of Myth', in Myth: A Symposium, edited by Thomas Sebeok (Bloomington, 1974 rpt.; 1955), p. 99–
   Google Scholar
• Thomas A. Burns, 'Folkloristics: A Conception of Theory', Western Folklore, 36 (1977), 128–29.
   Google Scholar
• Examples are Jay D. Edwards, The Afro-American Trickster Tale: A Structural Analysis (Bloomington: Folklore Publications Group Monograph Series, 1978); Pierre Maranda and Elli Kongis Maranda, eds., Structural Analysis of Oral Tradition (Philadelphia, 1971).
   Google Scholar
• See William Tulio Divale, 'The Cognatic-Affinal Paradox in the Egyptian Myth of Osiris: A Critical Application of the Structural Method', New York Folklore Quarterly, 29 (1973), 287–303.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., pp. 298–99.
   Google Scholar
• Henry Glassie, Folk Housing in Middle Virginia (Knoxville, 1975), p. 20.
   Google Scholar
• I. C. Jarvie, 'On the Limits of Symbolic Interpretation in Anthropology', Current Anthropology, 17 (1976), 687–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 689.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 687.
   Google Scholar
• See Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 'Cognition as a Residual Category in Anthropology', Annual Review of Anthropology, 7 (1978),60.
   Google Scholar
• Examples are B. Berlin and P. Kay, Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (Berkeley, 1969); E. Hunn, 'Toward a Perceptual Model of Folk Biological Classification', American Ethnologist, 3 (1976), 508-24; Stephen A. Tyler, ed., Cognitive Anthropology (New York, 1969); A. F. C. Wallace and John Atkins, 'The Meaning of Kinship Terms', American Anthropologist, 62 (1960), 58–80.
   Google Scholar
• William Bascom, 'The Relationship of Yoruba Folklore to Divining', Journal of American Folklore, 56 (1943), 127–31; Ruth Finnegan, Limba Stories and Story-Telling (Oxford, 1967).
   Google Scholar
• Dan Ben-Amos, 'Analytical Categories and Ethnic Genres', in Folklore Genres, ed. Dan Ben-Amos (Austin, 1976), pp. 215–42.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 218.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., pp. 222–23.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 223.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 225.
   Google Scholar
• Kenneth Pike, Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior (The Hague, 1967).
   Google Scholar
• Richard B. Beeman, 'The New Social History and the Search for 'Community' in Colonial America', American Quarterly, 29 (1977), 430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike, p. 10.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, 'Symbolic Studies', p. 146.
   Google Scholar
• Ward H. Goodenough, 'Residence Rules', Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 12 (1956), 22–37.
   Google Scholar
• Ward H. Goodenough, Culture, Language, and Society (Addison-Wesley Module in Anthropology No. 7, 1971).
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 36.
   Google Scholar
• Noam Chomsky, 'Review of Verbal Behavior', Language, 35 (1959), 57.
   Google Scholar
• Fred Kniffen, 'American Cultural Geography and Folklife', in American Folklife, ed. Don Yoder (Austin, 1976), p. 67.
   Google Scholar
• Personal correspondence from Glassie, 7 November 1978. See also his 'Meaningful Things and Appropriate Myths: The Artifact's Place in American Studies', Prospects, 3 (1978), 1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Glassie, Folk Housing in Middle Virginia, p. 17.
   Google Scholar
• Dell Hymes, 'The Ethnography of Speaking', in Anthropology and Human Behavior, ed. T. Gladwin and W. C. Sturtevant (Washington, D.C.: Anthropological Society of 1962), pp. 13–53.
   Google Scholar
• Richard Bauman and Joel Sherzer, 'The Ethnography of Speaking', Annual Review of Anthropology, 4 (1975), 98.
   Google Scholar
• Dell Hymes, 'Introduction: Toward Ethnographies of Communication', in The Ethnography of Communica-tion, ed. J. J. Gumperz and Dell Hymes, American Anthropologist, 66 (1964), pp. 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Hymes, 'The Ethnography ofpp. 13–53.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Bauman and Sherzer, p. 98.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 96.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 103.
   Google Scholar
• Dell Hymes, 'Breakthrough into Performance', in Folklore: Performance and Communication, ed. Dan Ben-Amos and Kenneth Goldstein (The Hague, 1975), p. 11
   Google Scholar
• Américo Paredes and Richard Bauman, eds., Toward New Perspectives in Folklore (Austin, 1972).
   Google Scholar
• See Robert Georges, 'Toward an Understanding of Storytelling Events', Journal of American Folklore, 82 (1969), 313–28; Alan Dundes, 'Texture, Text, and Context', Southern Folklore Quarterly, 28 (1964), 251–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman and Sherzer, p. 112.
   Google Scholar
• The articles discussed are Dan Ben-Amos, 'Toward a Definition of Folklore in Context', pp. 3–15; Roger D. Abrahams, 'Pesonal Power and Social Restraint in the Definition of Folklore', pp. 16–30; Richard Bauman, 'Differential Identity and the Social Base of Folklore', pp. 31–41; Kenneth Goldstein, 'On the Application of the Concepts of Active and Inactive Traditions to the Study of Repertory', pp. 62–67 in Paredes and Bauman.
   Google Scholar
• Dan Ben-Amos and Kenneth Goldstein, Folklore: Performance and Communication (The Hague, 1975).
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., P. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., pp. 6–7.
   Google Scholar
• Bauman and Sherzer, p. u.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, p. 129.
   Google Scholar
• Abrahams, 'Personal Power', p. 18.
   Google Scholar
• Glassie, Folk Housing, p. 21. See also Dell Upton, 'Toward a Performance Theory of Vernacular Architec-ture', Folklore Forum, 12 (1979), 173–98.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• See D. K. Wilgus, 'The Text is the Thing', Journal ofAmerican Folklore, 86 (1973), 241–52; Roger L. Welsch, 'A Note on Definitions', Journal of American Folklore, 81 (1968), 262–64; Dmitri Segal, 'Folklore Text and Social Context', PTL: AJournal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature, i (1976), 367–82.
   Google Scholar
• See George McDaniel, 'Review of Folk Housing in Middle Virginia', Journal of American Folklore, 91 (1978), 51–53.
   Google Scholar
• Personal Communication, November 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Amos and Goldstein, p. 7.
   Google Scholar
• Abrahams, 'Personal Power', pp. 16–30.
   Google Scholar
• See, for example, Roger L. Janeili, 'Toward a Reconciliation of Micro- and Macro-level Analyses of Folklore', Folklore Forum, 9(1976), 59–66.
   Google Scholar
• Julian Steward, Theory of Culture Change (Urbana, 1955), PP . 40–41.
   Google Scholar
• Julian Steward, The Native Populations of South America', in Handbook of the South American Indians, ed. Julian Steward (Washington, D.C., Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143,1949), Volumes, p. 674.
   Google Scholar
• Frederik Barth, 'Ecologic Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan', American Anthropologist, 58 (1956), 1079–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 1079.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 1088.
   Google Scholar
• Roy A. Rappaport, 'Ritual Regulation of Environmental Relations Among a New Guinea People', Ethnology, 6 (1967), 17–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence A. Hirschfeld, 'Art in Cunaland: Ideology and Cultural Adaptation', Man, 12 (1977), 104–23.
   Google Scholar
• Roger Abrahams, 'The Complex Relations of Simple Forms', in Folklore Genres, ed. Dan Ben-Amos (Austin, 1976), pp. 193–214.
   Google Scholar
• Heda Jason, 'A Multidimensional Approach to Oral Literature', Current Anthropology, 10 (1969), 413–26; Juha Pentikainen, 'Depth Research', Studies on Religion, No. 6,1974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• See Alexander Fenton, Scottish Country Lift' (Edinburgh, 1976); Estyn Evans, Irish Folkways (London, 1967).
   Google Scholar
• Glassie, Folk Housing, pp. 189–90.
   Google Scholar
• Edward B. Tylor, On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions, Applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 18 (1889), 245–69.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, pp. 612–16.
   Google Scholar
• John M. Roberts and Brian Sutton-Smith, 'Child Training and Game Involvement', Ethnology, 1/2 (1962), 166–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 167.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., P. 178.
   Google Scholar
• Their source was M. Bacon, H. Barry, and I. L. Child, 'Raters' Instructions for Analysis of Socialization Practices with Respect to Dependence and Independence', Mimeographed, 1952.
   Google Scholar
• Brian Sutton-Smith, B. G. Rosenberg, and E. Morgan, Jr., 'Sex Differences in Role Preferences for Play Activities and Games', Society for Research in Child Development, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts and Sutton-Smith, p. 184.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 166.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, P. 633.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 632.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., P. 617.
   Google Scholar
• Alan Lomax, 'Folklore: Ethnography: Performance Style', American Folklore Society meeting, Detroit, 1977; Gary Alan Fine, The Dissemination of Preadolescent Lore: An Empirical Investigation of the Multiconduit Hypothesis of Folklore Transmission', American Folklore Society meeting, Salt Lake City, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• For further discussion of these issues in artifactual studies see my 'Concepts in the Study of Material Aspects of American Folk Culture', Folklore Forum, 12 (1979), 13 3–72.
   Google Scholar