Gorse in the East Riding of Yorkshire

REFERENCES

• A. T. Lucas, Furze: A Survey and History of its Uses in Ireland (Dublin, 1960), p. 189.
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• Eva Crackles, Flora of the East Riding of Yorkshire (Hull, 1990), p. 87.
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• M. C. F. Morris observed that by the later nineteenth century the word kid was ‘only retained in connection with whins or thorns’ (Yorkshire Folk-Talk, London, 1892, p. 332).
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• J. F. Robinson, The Flora of the East Riding of Yorkshire (London, 1902), p. 87.
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• W. J. Craig, ‘James Ryther of Harewood and his letters to William Cecil, Lord Burghley’, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 56 (1984), p. 112.
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• A. Young, A Six Months Tour through the North of England, 2 (London, 1770), p. 20.
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• J. D. Hicks (ed.), A Victorian Boyhood on the Wolds, East Yorkshire Local History Society Series No. 34 (Beverley, 1978), p. 5.
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• Ibid.
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• M. W. Barley, The English Farmhouse and Cottage (London, 1961), p. 171; William Andrews (ed.), Yorkshire in Olden Times (London and Hull, 1890), p. 187.
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• York Courant, 13 March 1787, 5 January 1790; York Chronicle, 30 October 1806; K.J. Allison (ed.), Victoria County History, Yorkshire East Riding, VI. The Borough and Liberties of Beverley (Oxford, 1989), p. 217.
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• Humberside County Archives Office (hereafter HCAO), PE 119/32.
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• HCAO, PE 65/12.
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• HCAO, PE 85/43 (Flamborough Overseers of the Poor Account Book, 1729–56).
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• HCAO, DDX 149/18. Of certain purchases of coal in 1813, the writer noted: ‘not good but nearest’.
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• Young, op. cit., p. 18; correspondence, Simpson to Fitzwilliam (May 1795), Hastings to Fitzwilliam (Aug. 1795). I am indebted to Olive, Countess Fitzwilliam’s Wentworth Settlement Trustees and the Director of Libraries, Central Library, Sheffield, for permission to see the Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, WWM/F/74.
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• HCAO, DDHB 30/25 (undated), DDX 160/5 (!764) and DX 29 (undated) for turves; Hull University Library (hereafter HUL), DDBA (2) 15/9 (1765–66) for firewood; Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 69 Yorkshire Deeds (1926), for bracken. Edward Gillett and Kenneth A. MacMahon, A History of Hull (Hull, 1989), pp. 138–39, for the sale of peat and firewood in the port during the sixteenth century.
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• Probate inventories, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, York (hereafter BIHR).
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• Ibid.
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• HUL, DDLG/33/20; HCAO, Accession 2480 (uncalendared), Rudston estreats (1684), also refers to the use of straw as fuel on the Wolds.
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• See, for example, Parliamentary Papers, Select Committee on the Game Laws (1846) (X), part 1, Q8824.
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• HCAO, PE 85/43 (May 1738).
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• Young, op. cit., 1, p. 192.
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• HCAO, Accession 2480 (uncalendared). Case concerning ‘Burton or .Harpham Moor’, 1560–61; Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 126, A Survey of the Manor of Settrington (1962), p. xvi, 39; G. Poulson, Beverlac, 1 (London, 1829), pp. 225, 312.
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• HCAO, DDHU 10/89 (1690) for Filey; and Accession 2480 for correspondence of the Revd George Burghope. Yorkshire Archaeological Society Library, Leeds, MD 59/4-10 and MD 106 for examples from the Vale of York in the seventeenth century. Probate inventories, BIHR, for Holderness. BIHR, CP H 3495 (1681), equates 40 kids with one wainload of whins, thorns or timber.
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• HCAO, PE 144, John Garnett’s Note Book, 1710-34.
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• K. J. Allison (ed..), Victoria County History, Yorkshire, East Riding II (Oxford, 1974), p. 194; HCAO, DDCC 112/9 (Court Rolls, North Bailiwick of Holderness, 1668–75).
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• Ibid. (1674).
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• E. Maule Cole, ‘Notices of Wetwang’, Transactions East Riding Antiquarian Society, 2 (1894), pp. 73–74.
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• HCAO, PE 94/22 (Wold Newton Overseers Account Book, 1756–1820).
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• HUL, DDHO 15/9, 15/10 (1742, 1755), DDSY 98/67 (1776) and HCAO, DDCC 140/24 (1747) for brick-making; William Marshall, Rural Economy of Yorkshire, 1 (1788), p. 340.
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• York Chronicle, 2 May 1777.
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• HUL, DDHO 15/4 (e.g. 1710). Further information about this practice will be found in Alan Gailey and Alexander Fenton (eds), The Spade in Northern and Atlantic Europe (Belfast, 1970), esp. pp. 74 ff.
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• H. E. Strickland, A General View of the Agriculture of the East Riding of Yorkshire (York, 1812), p. 246.
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• HUL, DDHO 29/9, Lease of Eastburn Warren, 10 January 1739.
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• Richard Parkinson, Treatise on the Breeding and Management of Live Stock, 2 (London, 1810), p. 297.
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• HUL, DDHO 15/4 (e.g. 1709).
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• Donald Woodward (ed.), The Farming and Memorandum Books of Henry Best ofElmswelli642 (London, 1984), p. 21.
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• John Nicholson, Folk Lore of East Yorkshire ( reprinted, East Ardsley, 1973), p. 125.
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• HCAO, DDCC 54/125 (1811–44).
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• Elizabeth Playne and G. de Boer (eds), Lonsdale Documents, Surtees Society, 188 (1973), p. 24; HCAO, DDCC 140/28 (11 July, 4 November 1785).
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• Anon., Hunting Journal of the Holderness Hounds, Nov. 1 1847 — Ap. 11 1848 (Driffield, 1848), passim; HUL, DDEV 68/49 (1825–74).
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• Ibid.
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• HCAO, DDCC 140/24 and 140/25 (e.g. 11 October, 31 August 1752, 11 July 1763); DDCC (2) Box 8, Estate Survey, 1774.
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• Hunting Journal, p. 81.
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• A. Hunter, Georgical Essays, 3 (York 1803), pp. 209–10.
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• HUL, DDWA 10/51; BIHR, probate inventories George Carrick, Dowthorpe (Holderness), November 1692, ‘Whins & Settes’; Gabriel Clark, Flinton (Holderness), January 1740, ‘Whins in the pasture’ and ‘Whins in the Setts’. The ambiguity arises from the use of the word set(t) to denote both a young plant or cutting and a place where something is set, as at Humbleton, also in Holderness in 1709; ‘The Corn pikes setts’. The ‘setts’ at Humbleton were formed from gorse.
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• HUL, DDFA (3) 9/31, 11 July 1840. The literature on this subject is extensive, but see particularly Alexander Fenton, Scottish Country Life (Edinburgh, 1976), pp. 141–42; G. H. Andrews, Modern Husbandry (London, 1853), pp. 287–92; Lucas, op. cit., pp. 65 ff.
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• Transactions, Yorkshire Agricultural Society, 9 (1846); 11 (1848), p. 32; 14 (1852 for 1851), p. 33.
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• Yorkshire Gazette, 18 May 1872.
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• Ex inf Ryedale Folk Museum, Hutton-le-Hole, North Yorkshire. The only tools or equipment thought to be associated with gorse in East Yorkshire and traced during the preparation of this paper are four gorse forks from farms in Holderness, now at the North Holderness Museum of Village Life, Hornsea. Each has two tines.
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• Castle Howard MSS, Survey of Castle Howard Estate, 1562–63; HCAO DDHU 10/89 (1690).
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• Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, 74 (1929), Miscellanea 2, pp. 87 ff.
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• Ibid., pp. 100 ff.
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• Ibid., p. 95. C. P. Johnson, The Useful Plants of Great Britain (London, c. 1867), p. 68, discusses the effects of burning on gorse.
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• K. J. Allison (ed.), Victoria County History, Yorkshire, East Riding II (Oxford, 1974), P. 213.
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• HUL, DDWA 8/1 (e.g. 11 Decemoer 1771), DDWA 8/5 (undated), DDWA 10/23 and 24 (1749–50).
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• HCAO, Accession 2480.
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• HCAO, PE 9/53 (Withernwick Byelaw Book, 1673–1805); M. W. Barley, ‘East Yorkshire Manorial By�Laws’, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 35 (1940), p. 41.
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• HCAO, DDCC 112/7 (Court Rolls, North Bailiwick of Holderness, 1625–40, sub 1636).
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• For example, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Library MS 709(b), ‘A Valuation of Scampston, Thorpe Bassett, Lowthorpe, Harpham, Thornholme etc.’ (1796); HCAO DDX 17/15; DDBV 10/1; E. W. Bedell, An Account of Hornsea in Holderness (Hull, 1848: reprinted Hull, 1983), p. 86, 92.1 am grateful to Dr J. E. Crowther for drawing my attention to Bedell’s book.
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• M. W. Beresford, ‘The Lost Villages of Yorkshire’, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 37–38 (1951–54); Joan Thirsk (ed.), The Agrarian History of England and Wales V 1640–1750 (Cambridge, 1988), esp. the Introduction to Vol. 1. Peter Roebuck, Yorkshire Baronets 1640–1760 (Oxford, 1980), pp. 31–35, 100–03, 195, 318.
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• HUL, DDBA 4/37 (1773).
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• BIHR, CCP SN 9/SN/1 (1774); HUL, DDWA 8/1 and 8/5 (1771).
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• HUL, DDCV 134/1-9 (Roos Court Rolls, e.g. 1726, 1749, 1753, 1774).
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• A. Young, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Lincoln (London, 1799), p. 383; probate inventories (BIHR), HCAO, DDCC 140/24 and Overseers Accounts; Farmer’s Magazine, 1 (1800), p. 479. The price of 9d. a hundred paid for whins at Mylor, Cornwall, in 1799 would have been thought extraordinarily cheap by the standards of East Yorkshire even when gorse was more abundant than it was in the later eighteenth century (A. K. Hamiltonjenkin, Cornwall and its People, Newton Abbot, 1988), p. 354. The hundred used for whin faggots in East Yorkshire was normally the great or long hundred of 120.
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• Marshall, op. cit., 11, p. 264. Overseers Accounts contain frequent references to ‘leading’ charges incurred on purchases of gorse at this time.
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• Strickland op. cit., p. 265.
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• Quoted in David Neave (ed.), South Cave. A Market Village Community in the 18th and 19th Centuries (South Cave, 1974), p. 54. I owe this reference to DrJ. E. Crowther.
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• HCAO, DDHB 57/192 (1794); HUL, DDSY 6/83 (1795); 23/293 (1791); 66/345 (1795).
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• E. Maule Cole, op. cit., p. 73; HUL, DDEV 56/43 (1816), 56/44 (1825), 56/506 (1830, 1831).
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• Advertisements offering gorse seed are not uncommon (e.g. Malton Messenger, 3 February 1855). For the making of a fox covert HUL, DDEV 60/30 (xi) (1838).
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• Interim, 15 no. 4 (York Archaeological Trust, 1990), p. 5. I am grateful to Dr D. A. Spratt for drawing my attention to this reference. The site where the gorse needles were found was backfilled during the sixteenth century.
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• J. E. Crowther, ‘Parliamentary enclosure in eastern Yorkshire, 1725-1860’, unpublished PhD thesis, Uni�versity of Hull (1984), p. 557.
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• Maurice Beresfordand John Hurst, Wharram Percy Deserted Medieval Village (London, 1990), p. 96.
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• Castle Howard MSS, Survey of Castle Howard Estate, 1562-63.
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