Spinal Motion Palpation: A Review of Reliability Studies

REFERENCES

• Russell R. Diagnostic palpation of the spine: A review of procedures and assessment of their reliability. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1983;6:181–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows JTS. Orthopedic Differential Diagnosis in Physical Therapy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Alley JR. The clinical value of motion palpation as a diagnostic tool: A review. JCCA 1983;27:97–100.
   Google Scholar
• Haas M, Raphael R, Panzer D, Peterson D. Reliability of manual end-play palpation of the thoracic spine. Chiropractic Technique 1995;7:120–124.
   Google Scholar
• Maher C, Latimer J. Pain or resistance: The manual therapists’ dilemma. Aust J Physiother 1992;38:257–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Domholdt E. Physical Therapy Research: Principles and Applications. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Haas M. Statistical methodology for reliability studies. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991;14:119–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher C, Adams R. Reliability of pain and stiffness assessments in clinical manual lumbar spine examination. Phys Ther 1994;74:801–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantz CA. Application and evaluation of the kappa statistic in the design and interpretation of chiropractic clinical research. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1997;20:521–528.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• French SD, Green S, Forbes A. Reliability of chiropractic methods commonly used to detect manipulate lesions in patients with chronic low-back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:231–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inscoe EL, Witt PL, Gross MT, Mitchell RU. Reliability in evaluating passive intervertebral motion of the lumbar spine. J Man Manipulative Ther 1995;3:135–143.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson L, Adams R, Maher C. Reliability of a discrimination measure for judgements of non-biological stiffness. Man Ther 1997;3:150–156.
   Google Scholar
• Mior SA, McGregor MM, Schut B. The role of experience in clinical accuracy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1990;13:68–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonnella C, Paris SV, Kutner M. Reliability in evaluating passive intervertebral motion. Phys Ther 1982;62:436–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Svensson NL. Effect of loading frequency on response of the spine to lumbar posteroanterior forces. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1993;16:439–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viner A, Lee M. Direction of manual force applied during assessment of stiffness in the lumbosacral spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1995;18:441–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher C, Adams R. A comparison of pisiform and thumb grips in stiffness assessment. Phys Ther 1996;76:41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher CG, Adams RD. Stiffness judgments are affected by visual occlusion. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1996;19:250–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edmonston SJ, Allison GT, Gregg CD, Purden SM, Svansson GR, Watson AE. Effect of position on the posteroanterior stiffness of the lumbar spine. Man Ther 1998;3:21–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maher CG, Latimer J, Holland MJ. Plinth padding confounds measures of posteroanterior spinal stiffness. Man Ther 1999;4:145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher C. Perception of stiffness in manipulative physiotherapy. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1995;11:35–44.
   Google Scholar
• Maher CG, Latimer J, Adams R. An investigation of the reliability and validity of posteroanterior spinal stiffness judgments made using a reference-based protocol. Phys Ther 1998;78:829–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mior SA, King RS, McGregor MM, Bernard M. Intra and interexaminer reliability of motion palpation in the cervical spine. JCCA 1985;29:195–198.
   Google Scholar
• DeBoer KF, Harmon R, Tuttle CD, Wallace H. Reliability study of detection of somatic dysfunctions in the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1985;8:9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronemo L, Van Steveninck J. A comparison of the inter- and intraexaminer reliability of motion palpation of the lower cervical spine (C2-C7) in the oblique-posterior-lateral direction in sitting and supine positions. Thesis. Bournemouth, UK: Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Nansel DD, Peneff AL, Jansen RD, Cooperstein R. Interexaminer concordance in detecting joint-play asymmetries in the cervical spines of otherwise asymptomatic subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1989;12:428–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoensee SK, Jensen G, Nicholson G, Gossman M, Katholi C. The effect of mobilization on cervical headaches. JOrthop Sports Phys Ther 1995;21:184–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Zito G, TrottP, Potter H, Shirley D, Richardson C. Interexaminer reliability to detect painful upper cervical joint dysfunction. Aust JPhysiother 1997;43:125–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoeps P, Pfingsten M, Siebert U. Reliabilitaet manualmedizinischer Untersuchungstechniken an der Halswirbelsaeule. Studie zur Qualitaetssicherung in der manuellen Diagnostik. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2000;138:2–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedmark V, Wallin M, Arvidsson I. Interexaminer reliability in assessing passive intervertebral motion of the cervical spine. Man Ther 2000;5:97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AR, Catlin PA, Nyberg RE. Intratester/intertester reliability of segmental motion testing of cervicothoracic forward bending in a symptomatic population. In: Paris SV, Ed. IFOMT Proceedings:; June 1–5, 1992; Vail, CO; IFOMT, 1992;194.
   Google Scholar
• Loram A. A comparative study of fixation findings in the thoracic spine in the sagittal plane using motion palpation in the sitting position and joint springing in the prone position. Thesis. Bournemouth, UK: Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Love RM, Brodeur RR. Inter- and intraexaminer reliability of motion palpation for the thoracolumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1987;10:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating JC, Bergmann TF, Jacobs GE, Finer BA, Larson K. Interexaminer reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormality. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1990;13:463–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson AC. A pilot study to compare the intra- and interreliability of examiners using Gillet’s motion palpation methods in the lumbar spine. Thesis. Bournemouth, UK: Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Grant A, Spadon R. An inter- and intraexaminer reliability study, using lateral flexion motion palpation of the lumbar spine in the prone position. Thesis. Bournemouth, UK: Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Bergstrom E, Courtis G. An inter- and intraexaminer reliability study of motion palpation of the lumbar spine in lateral flexion in the seated position. Eur J Chiropr 1986;34:121–144.
   Google Scholar
• Jull G, Bullock M. A motion profile of the lumbar spine in an ageing population assessed by manual examination. Physiotherapy Practice 1987;3:70–81.
   Google Scholar
• Boline PD, Keating JC, Brist J, Denver G. Interexaminer reliability of palpatory evaluations of the lumbar spine. Am J Chiropractic Med 1988;1:5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Mootz RD, Keating JC, Kontz HP, Milus TB, Jacobs GE. Intra- and interobserver reliability of passive motion palpation of the lumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1989;12:440–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBoeuf C, Gardner V, Carter AL, Scott TA. Chiropractic examination procedures: A reliability and consistency study. JAust Chiropr Assoc 1989;19:101–104.
   Google Scholar
• Richter T, Lawall J. Zur Zuverlaessigkeit manualdiagnostischer Befunde. Man Med 1993;31:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips DR, Twomey LT. Comparison of manual diagnosis with a diagnosis established by a uni-level lumbar spinal block procedure. In: Singer KP, Ed. Integrating Approaches. Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial Conference of the Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia; Nov 24–27, 1993; Perth, Western Australia; Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia, 1993;55–61.
   Google Scholar
• Binkley J, Stratford PW, Gill C. Interrater reliability of lumbar accessory motion mobility testing. Phys Ther 1995;75:786–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips DR, Twomey LT. A comparison of manual diagnosis with a diagnosis established by a uni-level lumbar spinal block procedure. Man Ther 1996;2:82–87.
   Google Scholar
• Panzer DM. The reliability of lumbar motion palpation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15:518–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Wainner RS. Examining diagnostic tests: An evidence- based perspective. Phys Ther 2001;81:1546–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie AM, Taylor NF. Can physiotherapists locate lumbar spinal levels by palpation? Physiotherapy 1996;82: 235–239.
   Google Scholar
• Downey BJ, Taylor NF, Niere KR. Manipulative physiotherapists can reliably palpate nominated lumbar spinal levels. Man Ther 1999;4:151–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Treleaven J, Versace G. Manual examination of spinal joints: Is pain provocation a major diagnostic cue for dysfunction? In: Singer KP, Ed. Integrating Approaches. Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial Conference of the Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia; Nov 24–27,1993; Perth, Western Australia; Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia, 1993;40–42.
   Google Scholar
• Jull G, Treleaven J, Versace G. Manual examination: Is pain provocation a major cue for spinal dysfunction? Aust J Physiother 1994;40:159–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maher CG, Simmonds M, Adams R. Therapists’ conceptualization and characterization of the clinical concept of spinal stiffness. Phys Ther 1998;78:289–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Latimer J, Maher C. Manipulation: Investigation of a proposed mechanism. Clin Biomech 1993;8:302–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Esler MA, Mildren J. Effect of extensor muscle activation on the response to lumbar posteranterior forces. Clin Biomech 1993;8:115–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows J. The principles of the Canadian approach to the lumbar dysfunction patient. In: Wadsworth C, Ed. Management of Lumbar Spine Dysfunction, Home Study Course 9.3. LaCrosse, WI: Orthopaedic Section, APTA, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Huijbregts PA. Lumbopelvic region: Aging, disease, examination, diagnosis, and treatment. In: Wadsworth C, Ed. Current Concepts of Orthopedic Physical therapy, Home Study Course 11.2. LaCrosse, WI: Orthopaedic Section, APTA, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson C. The subluxation question. J Chiropr Humanities 1997;7:46–55.
   Google Scholar